Intro to Biotechnology

1. Intro to Biotechnology Zach Vince Zi Shan

2. Ayo Biotechnology Fixler Verdi

3. Introduction to Biotechnology

4. Selective Breeding Most of the organisms that are used in agriculture(crops, livestock) have been produced by human beings by selective breeding, which is sometimes called artificial selection.

5. Selective Breeding Humans have been doing this for thousands of years! For example, the wild banana looks very different from the yellow Chiquita you might purchase in the store.

6. Selective Breeding These fruit are notsweet and are filled with unpleasant seeds.

7. Selective Breeding The good-tasting varieties most of us take for granted were produced long ago by Africans who crossed different varieties, and selected the offspring that were more pleasant to taste in every generation.

8. Selective Breeding The results of these crosses, called hybrids, became the basis of the modern fruit.

9. Selective Breeding In the same way, Native Americans selected varieties of a naturally-occurring plant called teosinte that were a little bit taller and had moreseeds.

10. Selective Breeding Over time, this plant, known as maize or corn, became very tall and produced a gigantic cob with many kernels.

11. Selective Breeding The same thing is true for most varieties of livestock and pets: their populations look different from those in nature. Why? Because, over time, humans have selected for the trait that they find most useful or attractive. To do this, they cross individuals with similar characteristics, a process known as inbreeding. Woof! What about animals?

12. Selective Breeding The same thing is true for most varieties of livestock and pets: their populations look different from those in nature. WHY ? Because, over time, humans have selected for the trait that they find most useful or attractive. To do this, they cross individuals with similar characteristics, a process known as inbreeding.

13. Selective Breeding This is not necessarily in the animal’s best interest, because it can increase the chances of offspring having genetic disorders.

14. Selective Breeding For example, Dalmation females often have pups born deaf in one ear, or with liver disease.

15. Introduction to Biotechnology Genetic engineering is really no different! It’s just another form of selective breeding, only in this case humans are selecting the genes directly, instead of the traits based on the genes.

16. Grafting

17. Surrogate!

18. Go to computers and see two ways to clone… Should take no more than 10 minutes! • You will be quizzed on what you learn in the next 10 minutes!

19. Manipulating DNA Once scientists learned that DNA was the genetic material, they developed techniques to harvest it from living cells.

20. Restriction Enzymes (R.E.) • *used to cut virus DNA, into fragments to kill the virus(defense mechanism). • R.E. are found in bacteria • *large variety of restriction enzymes exist: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rXizmLjegI • Bam HI G/GATCC • Hind III A/AGCTT • EcoRI G/AATTC

21. Manipulating DNA Scientists do more than just collect DNA, however. They concentrate and purify it, then cut the long strands of DNA into smaller fragments with restriction enzymes made by bacteria.

22. Manipulating DNA There are hundreds of different restriction enzymes known, and each one cuts the DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence .

23. .

24. recognition sequence DNA sequence Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments. “sticky end” For example, the enzyme EcoRI cuts the sequence ‘G/AATTC’ between the ‘G’ and the first ‘A’. This leads to many DNA fragments of different sizes.

25. . Gel Electrophoresis • uses a power source, • a tray filled with buffer • solution and an agarose • gel • involves ‘loading’ a • mixture of DNA fragments • into little cavities in the • gel, called wells .

26. . Gel Electrophoresis • applies an electric field • to the negatively-charged • DNA fragments, which • move to positive pole. • separates the fragments • over time, since the • smaller fragments move • faster and farther .

27. . Gel Electrophoresis • produces a pattern of • lines that can be read • like a bar code at the • supermarket: .

28. . Gel Electrophoresis Click me to see a Flash animation! .

29. . Gel Electrophoresis DNA plus restriction enzyme power source longer fragments agarose gel mixture of DNA fragments shorter fragments .

30. Copying DNA Heating destroys most enzymes, including the enzyme that helps DNA copy itself, DNA polymerase.

31. Copying DNA But in 1969, a microbiologist named Thomas Brock discovered a species of bacteria living in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park . . .

32. Copying DNA This bacteria, which Brock named Thermus aquaticus, thrives at just below the boiling point of water. . .

33. Copying DNA Researchers use this enzyme to make many copies of the DNA with a technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR.

34. The Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR takes advantage of the fact that the double-stranded DNA fragments will separate into two single-stranded fragments when heated.

35. The Polymerase Chain Reaction In PCR, researchers will heat the DNA along with the Taq enzyme, along with a vast surplus of all the different nucleotides: G’s, C’s, A’s and T’s.

36. The Polymerase Chain Reaction The strands will separate! (completely)

37. The Polymerase Chain Reaction The mixture is then allowed to cool, and as it does the enzyme will attach the free nucleotides to the exposed strands . .

38. The Polymerase Chain Reaction . . leading to two copies of double-stranded DNA! 1 2

39. The Polymerase Chain Reaction This process of heating and cooling can be repeated several times, each time doubling the number of copies: in less than 12 hours, researchers can manufacture millions of copies of a single strand.

40. The Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA polymerase adds complentary strands DNA heated to separate strands DNA fragment to be copied

41. The Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA polymerase adds complentary strands PCR cycle: ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ DNA copies: ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ DNA heated to separate strands DNA fragment to be copied 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32

42. The Polymerase Chain Reaction

46. DNA Sequencing laser

47. DNA Sequencing Once strands are copied, researchers will label the DNA by attaching different-colored chemical dyes to the different nucleotides.

48. DNA Sequencing Oncestrandsarecopied, researcherswilllabel theDNAbyattachingdifferent-colored chemical dyestothedifferentnucleotides.

49. DNA Sequencing Sinceeach baseislabeled With a differentcolor, theorderofthe G’s, T’sand C’s can be read by alaserandrecorded by acomputer. laser

50. The success of the Human Genome Project is based on the fact that the entire process is automated