Introduction to Animal Structure and Function

1. Introduction to Animal Structure and Function Tissues Part I Corona High School

2. I actually found a point to this pic!!! Swine Well-Being Research Corona High School

3. Happy Corona High School

4. Overview • Levels of Structural Organization • Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals • Body Plans and the External Environment • Regulating the Internal Environment Corona High School

5. Levels of Structural Organization • Structural Hierarchy • Atoms  Molecules  Organelles  Cells • Cells the lowest level of organization that can live independently (protist) • Multicellular Hierarchy • Cells  Tissue  Organs  Organ Systems Corona High School

6. Levels of Organization Cont’ • Tissues – Group of cells with common structure and function. • Organs – Groups of tissues with common function • Organ system – Group of organs working together for a common function Corona High School

7. Four Types of Tissues • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous Corona High School

8. Overview of Tissue Types • Epithelial – • Formed from sheets of tightly packed cells (form) • Covers the outside of body and lines organs (function) • Functions as barrier against mechanical injury, invading microbes, and fluid loss.(function) • Categorized by the number of layers & shape of surface cells. Corona High School

9. Epithelial classification • Simple epithelium – one layer • Stratified epithelium – multiple tiers • Cuboidal – shaped like cubes (dice) • Columnar – shaped like columns (bricks) • Squamous – flattened cells (floor tiles) http://www.rdc.ab.ca/rdc/bio/sal/TisEpith.htm#epith Corona High School

10. Squamous Corona High School

11. Columnar Corona High School

12. Stratified • Both columnar and cuboidal cells are found within the epidermal layer (#1) Corona High School

13. Cuboidal Corona High School

14. Some epithelial are specialized • Here columnar epithelials have cilia • Others may be leaky on purpose…. • Why do you think?? Corona High School

15. Connective Tissue • Most diverse type of tissue • Functions to bind and support other tissues • Adipose, bone, cartilage, blood, loose connective, fibrous connective http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/ct1.html Corona High School

16. Major types of connective tissue include… • 1. Loose connective tissue • 2. Adipose tissue • 3. Fibrous connective tissue • 4. Cartilage • 5. Bone • 6. Blood Corona High School

17. About Loose Connective Tissue • It binds epithelial to underlying tissues • Functions as packing material, holding organs in place. • Gets its name from the loose weave of fibers and contains three fiber types: • Collagenous • Elastic • Reticular Corona High School

18. Loose Connective 1 - Bundle of fibers circled 2 - A single fiber Corona High School

19. Adipose-A specialized form of Loose connective Tissue A purpose??? Corona High School

20. Adipose again Corona High School

21. Fibrous Connective Tissue • Dense due to its large number of collagenous fibers. • Fibers are organized in parallel bundles, which maximizes strength. • Tendons …muscle to bone • Ligaments….joins bones at joints. Corona High School

22. Cartilage • Contains abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of chondroitin sulfate. • This chondroitin is secreted by Chondrocytes ….a type of cell found in the lacunae…. • Do you see the Chondrichthyes connection? Corona High School

23. Cartilage Corona High School

24. Bone • 1.Haversian Canal • 2. Canaliculi • Lamellae • Lacunae Corona High School

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27. Human vs Toad Blood Corona High School

28. A Neato Site • When you are ready for a quick review • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/tismodov.html#overview Corona High School

29. Muscle Tissue • Long, excitable cells that are capable of contraction. • Three types: • Skeletal – responsible for voluntary movements • Attached to bones by tendons • Cardiac – contractile wall of the heart • Smooth – unstriated tissue in walls of internal organs. • Involuntary movements….stomach churning Corona High School

30. Skeletal Muscle Corona High School

31. Cardiac Note the striation… what appears as squiggly lines Corona High School

32. Smooth muscle Note lack of striation Corona High School

33. Muscle types and Function Corona High School

34. Another 2 Neato Sites • http://mcdb.colorado.edu/courses/3280/lectures/class06-1.html • Has some interesting animation • http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/muscle.htm Corona High School

35. Nervous Tissue • Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the body to another. • Neuron – nerve cell specialized to conduct impulse. Corona High School

36. Neurons Corona High School

37. Neuron in contact with Muscle Corona High School

38. Neato Nerve Site • http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/nervous.htm Corona High School

39. Balance Between Energy Intake and Energy Loss Bioenergetics Part II Corona High School

40. Metabolic Rate • Total amount of energy an animal uses per unit of time (kcal) • Determined by measuring amount of oxygen used • Determined by measuring heat loss per unit time • Calorimeter…measures heat production…food energy lab • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) – endothermic animal’s metabolic rate under resting conditions Corona High School

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42. Endotherms • Homeotherms • Animals that generate their own body heat metabolically • Birds and Mammals • Their body temperature must be maintained at a certain level to sustain life. • The number of Kcals required to sustain minimal life functions is generally higher. Corona High School

43. Ectotherm • Animals that acquire most of their body heat from the environment. • Fishes, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates. Corona High School

44. Metabolic rate and size • There is an inverse relationship between metabolic rate and size • Smaller animals consume more calories per gram than larger animals • Possible reason…For endotherms, the smaller the animal, the greater the energy cost of maintaining a stable body temperature. Corona High School

45. Small animals need faster Oxygen delivery • Small animals also have higher…. • Breathing rates • Blood volume • Heart rate Corona High School

46. Body Plans and Environmental Exchange • Animal cells must have enough surface area in contact with an aqueous medium to allow adequate environmental exchange of DO, nutrients and wastes. • Unicellular organism limited by SA/V ratio • Simple animals have cell in direct contact with aqueous environment. • Complex animals have circulatory system. Corona High School

47. Homeostasis – the mechanism • Interstitial fluid – the internal environment of vertebrates….fluid between cells. • Exchanges nutrients and wastes with blood carried in capillaries. Corona High School

48. Homeostasis • State of equilibrium in which internal conditions remain relatively stable. • Negative feedback loops…stop or reduces the intensity of original stimulus • Ex – human body temperature control • Positive feedback • Ex – labor contractions, lactation Corona High School

49. Homeostasis depends on feedback circuits • Of which there are three components: • Receptor – detects internal change • Control center – processes information from the receptor and directs the effector to respond • Effector- provides the response Corona High School

50. The effector’s response and influence is either • Despressed - • Negative feedback loops…stop or reduces the intensity of original stimulus…. • Ex – human body temperature control • Most common feedback • Enhanced - • Positive feedback • Ex – labor contractions, lactation Corona High School