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Animal Structure and Function

Animal Structure and Function. Chapter 40. Animal adaptations evolved through time by natural selection. Can also adapt over short periods of time. Chemical energy needed for searching for food, generating body heat, regulating internal temperature, etc. Functional Anatomy.

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Animal Structure and Function

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  1. Animal Structure and Function Chapter 40

  2. Animal adaptations evolved through time by natural selection. Can also adapt over short periods of time. Chemical energy needed for searching for food, generating body heat, regulating internal temperature, etc.. Functional Anatomy

  3. http://www.no-pest.com/CruisinForaBruisin'.JPG

  4. Bioenergetics - how organisms obtain, process, and use their energy resources. All animals have correlation between form (anatomy) and function (physiology).

  5. http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/anatomy/jugglers.gif

  6. Tissues make up organs, organs  organ systems  organisms. Tissues - groups of cells with common structure and function. 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

  7. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/stomTS.gif

  8. 1Epithelial – covers body, lines organs and cavities in body. Cells joined tightly together. Prevents fluid loss, invasion of microorganisms. Attached to underlying tissue by basement membrane.

  9. http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/01362fig6-1.gifhttp://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/01362fig6-1.gif

  10. ASimple epithelium – single-layered. BStratified – multi-layered. Shapes – cuboidal, columnar, sqamous (flattened) Glandular – secretes fluid – can line respiratory system (produces mucous)

  11. 2Connective tissue – binds, supports other tissue. Cells scattered throughout matrix. Matrix made of fibers. 3 types of fibers – 1collagenous (collagen – tough), 2elastic (elastin, flexible), 3reticular (thin and branched – connect to adjoining tissues)

  12. Reticular fibers http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/reticct.jpg

  13. Major types - loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. ALoose connective - packing materials, holding organs in place. 2 cell types – 1Fibroblasts (secrete proteins), 2Macrophages (engulf bacteria)

  14. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/histology/hi_res/jpg/ct01oh.jpg

  15. BAdipose - insulates body, stores fuel as fat molecules. Contains large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored, shrinks when body uses fat as fuel.

  16. http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.jpghttp://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.jpg

  17. CFibrous connective - forms tendons (muscles to bones) and ligaments (bones to bones at joints) DCartilage - flexible supports in certain locations, such as the nose, ears, and vertebral disks. Chondrocytes secrete collagen.

  18. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/hcart.jpg

  19. EBone - mineralized connective tissue. Osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen. Bones consists of repeating units called osteons – has nerves and blood vessels.

  20. http://www.texarkanacollege.edu/~mstorey/1407/bone.jpg

  21. FBlood - matrix liquid (plasma) has water, salts, variety of dissolved proteins. Suspended in plasma erythrocytes (red blood cells – carry oxygen), leukocytes (white blood cells – fight invaders) cell fragments (platelets – clotting)

  22. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/blood/large/Blood000.JPGhttp://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/blood/large/Blood000.JPG

  23. 3Nervous - senses stimuli, transmits signals from one part of animal to another; functional unit – neuron Consists of cell body, 2+ extensions (dendrites + axons) Dendrites transmit nerve impulses from tips toward rest of neuron. Axons impulses toward another neuron or effector (muscle cell)

  24. 4Muscle – composed of muscle fibers capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses. Fibers consist of contractile proteins actin and myosin. 3 types – skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

  25. ASkeletal – responsible for voluntary movement; striated. BSmooth – no striations; found in walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, other internal organs – involuntary. CCardiac – striated and branched; forms walls of heart muscle. Cells joined by intercalated discs; involuntary.

  26. Tissues organized into organs. Mammals – thoracic cavity – lungs, heart – separated from abdomen by diaphragm. Tissues can be arranged in layers. Organ systems carry out major body functions. Functional Anatomy

  27. Animal’s size and shape - body plans. Physical requirements constrain natural selection. Laws of hydrodynamics constrain shapes possible for aquatic organisms that swim very fast. Body Plans

  28. Animals shape, size, determine how animal exchanges materials with surroundings. Protist living in water – plasma membrane large to exchange materials through diffusion. Multicellular organisms – many smaller cells able to exchange materials through each one.

  29. Flat body – maximizes exposure to surroundings; prevents internal complexity. Most animals complex – cells small compared to volume. Allows animal to not be tied to land. Internal organs can regulate body.

  30. Internal environment of vertebrates – interstitial fluid. Exchanges nutrients and wastes. Animals maintain homeostasis (internal balance) even when external environment changes. Regulating Internal Environment

  31. http://titlev.fiu.edu/homeostasis/images/homeostasis_home.jpghttp://titlev.fiu.edu/homeostasis/images/homeostasis_home.jpg

  32. Major internal changes are programmed to occur, such as during pregnancy. Homeostatic control system has 3 parts: receptor, control center, effector. 1Receptor – detects change in environment. 2Control center – processes change. 3Effector – directs response.

  33. Two types – 1Negative feedback control – change causes reaction in opposite direction. Fever – causes body to sweat to bring temperature down. 2Positive – change causes reaction in same direction. Labor – release in oxytocin increases uterine contractions.

  34. Regulated change important to survival. Can by cyclical (hormones), or reactive (fever) Internal regulation expensive in energy.

  35. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340/graphics/negative.feedback.jpghttp://web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340/graphics/negative.feedback.jpg

  36. Chemical energy needed for growth, repair, regulation, reproduction. Food digested through hydrolysis, nutrients absorbed by cells. ATP use creates heat that is lost to environment. Energy left over – used for bioenergetics. Bioenergetics

  37. http://www.topicazos.com/fotos/digestion.jpg

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