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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e. Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst. Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain. Social Psychology Chapter. Social Relations. Module 35. Attraction. Module 35: Social Relations. Attraction.

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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

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  1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

  2. Variations in Individual and Group Behavior Domain

  3. Social Psychology Chapter

  4. Social Relations Module 35

  5. Attraction Module 35: Social Relations

  6. Attraction • Three key ingredients to attraction: • Proximity • Physical attractiveness • Similarity

  7. Attraction:Proximity Module 35: Social Relations

  8. Mere Exposure Effect • Phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them • Our ancestors benefited from the mere exposure effect. Familiar faces were less likely to be dangerous or threatening than unfamiliar faces. Some researchers think we are born with a tendency to bond with those who are familiar to us and to be leery of those we don’t know

  9. Familiarity Breeds Fondness • Several years ago, a student began attending a class at Oregon State University enveloped in a big, black bag. Only his bare feet showed. Each Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 11am, the black bag sat on a small table near the back of the classroom. The professor knew the identity of the person inside, but none of the students did. The professor said the students’ attitudes changed from hostility toward the bag to curiosity to friendship.

  10. Attraction:Physical Attractiveness Module 35: Social Relations

  11. Physical Attractiveness • Positive first impressions are correlated with the attractiveness of the person • Attractive people are judged to be happier, healthier, more successful, etc. • Physical attractiveness is highly determined by culture

  12. Villains and Heroes • Are people who are villainous or less than heroic physically attractive? Think of favorite movies and television shows. • How are the heroes physically different from the villains?

  13. Physical Attractiveness 1950’s Today 1920’s

  14. The Halo Effect • http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=5773839 • The Privilege of Being Beautiful • Two readings

  15. What Is Beautiful Is Good • College students judged an essay written by an attractive author to be of higher quality than one by an unattractive author. • Simulated juries conferred less guilt and punishment on physically attractive defendants than on unattractive defendants • The average salary of more than 17,000 middle-aged men was positively related to their height (Keyes study)

  16. Every inch over 5’ 3” was worth an extra $370/yr in salary • In one study, more than 400 fifth-grader teachers evaluated attractive children as having greater intelligence and scholastic potential than unattractive children. • Children as young as 4 are responsive to the physical attractiveness of their peers. It has been suggested that parents may implicitly teach the physical attractiveness stereotype through the bedtime stories they read their kids.

  17. Physical deformities and chronic illness often symbolize inner defects (Captain Hook and Cinderella’s mean stepsisters; Hansel and Gretel are the victims of an arthritic witch; Pinocchio’s nose lengthened as his integrity slipped). • Will Cookie Monster make up for this, in all his ugly and loveable glory?

  18. Attraction:Similarity Module 35: Social Relations

  19. Golden Proportions • The width of an “ideal” face is 2/3 its length • The nose is no longer than the distance between the eyes • Similarity between the left and right sides of the face • Babies spend more time looking at symmetrical faces • Face Prints / rate and then pictures merged together; each trial ends when the viewer deems picture the perfect 10 • All the perfect 10s are super-symmetric

  20. Symmetry • The rationale behind symmetry preference in both humans and animals is that symmetric individuals have a higher mate-value; scientists believe that this symmetry is equated with a strong immune system. Thus, beauty is indicative of more robust genes, improving the likelihood that an individual's offspring will survive. This evolutionary theory is supported by research showing that standards of attractiveness are similar across cultures (Feng).

  21. What Men Like • Aside from symmetry, males in Western cultures generally prefer females with a small jaw, a small nose, large eyes, and defined cheekbones - features often described as "baby faced", that resemble an infant's. • In general, men have a preference for women with low waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs), that is, more fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks than on the waist.

  22. Research shows that women with high WHRs (whose bodies are more tube-shaped) are more likely to suffer from health maladies, including infertility and diabetes. • Bees are attracted to symmetrical flowers as they produce more nectar and are therefore sweeter. • Men with symmetrical faces are less prone to mental decline ( • http://www.jyi.org/volumes/volume6/issue6/features/feng.html • FACEPRINTS

  23. What Women Like • Females, however, have a preference for males who look more mature -- generally heart-shaped, small-chinned faces with full lips and fair skin. But during menstruation, females prefer a soft-featured male to a masculine one. Indeed, researchers found that female perceptions of beauty actually change throughout the month.

  24. Symmetrical Faces

  25. Similarity • People are reluctant to include dissimilar people in their group of friends. • Close friends usually share interests, attitudes, age, intelligence level, and economic status.

  26. Romantic Love:Passionate Love Module 35: Social Relations

  27. Passionate Love • Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship • Page 35-9 • PsychQuest 35-5

  28. Romantic Love:Companionate Love Module 35: Social Relations

  29. Companionate Love • Deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined • Two important factors: • Equity • Self-disclosure

  30. Equity • Condition in which people contribute to and receive from a relationship at a similar rate • Couples share in decision making and possessions • Freely give and receive emotional support

  31. Self-Disclosure • Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others • Include likes, dislikes, fears, accomplishments, failures, shameful moments, goals, etc.

  32. How Do We Pick Our Mates? • Proximity Filter: helps us narrow down our potential mates to those we come in contact with. Will the internet change this? • Stimulus Filter: All people we meet are potential mates, but we are not attracted to all of them. The stimulus filter narrows potential mates to those whom we find attractive: those who stimulate us, physically at first, but also intellectually and emotionally.

  33. Value Filter: People who share our values are more likely to be potential mate. It is difficult for people with widely different beliefs to maintain a lasting partnership. • Role Filter: The role filter involves weeding out those who are not compatible with us. If those we are choosing from do not fit a particular role that is compatible with our own, we filter them out. Ex: if a man wants a stay-at-home woman to stay home with kids. • Marriage: If a relationship lasts long enough, a long-term commitment must be made; usually in Canada, that involves marriage. If one person wants to marry and the other doesn’t, they are not likely to last.

  34. AltruismWorth: Do Adolescents Lack Empathy? Module 35: Social Relations

  35. Altruism • Unselfish regard for the welfare of others Dave Sanders: Teacher at Columbine High School

  36. Which Brings More Happiness • Brainstorming 35-11 • 35-12 Case Studies in Helping • 35-13 Legislating Helping

  37. Altruism:Bystander Intervention Module 35: Social Relations

  38. Bystander Effect • Tendency for a person to be less likely to give aid if other people are present

  39. Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese • Famous case of Kitty Genovese--38 people heard her cry for help but didn’t help. She was raped and stabbed to death.

  40. Factors Increasing Bystander Intervention • not in a hurry • believe the victim deserves help • in a good mood • feeling guilty • live in a small town or rural area • just saw someone being helpful

  41. Factors Increasing Bystander Intervention

  42. Top 10 Notorious Cases of the Bystander Effect • http://listverse.com/2009/11/02/10-notorious-cases-of-the-bystander-effect/

  43. Examples on You Tube • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oxx9_the-bystander-effect-kitty-genovese_tech • Why do people help? Worth • http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/pvtk/player/pages/home.aspx?Tab=Home&VtkID=1&pageIndex=1&NumRows=52 • Does Self-Confidence Intimidate Others? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGaJrgi_SpE The Bystander Effect: No one Cares, Global National

  44. Altruism

  45. Altruism

  46. Altruism

  47. Altruism

  48. Altruism

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