中国 - 欧盟 就业和社保政策对话与研讨会 China-EU Employment and Social Security Policy Dialogue &Workshop

1. 中国-欧盟就业和社保政策对话与研讨会 China-EU Employment and Social Security Policy Dialogue &Workshop 2016年4月26日·北京Beijing, April 26, 2016

2. Relations between Employment and Social Security Policies in Europe Based on the Report by Jean-Yves Hocquet Ecole nationale supérieure de sécurité sociale jyhocquet@gmail.com Presented by Xavier Coyer, Social Affairs Adviser Expertise France

3. Social security as a major prerequisite of the European single labour market Free movement of workers, with free movement of goods and services, at the basis of the EU to: • improve the matching of labour market needs by removing obstacles for workers’ mobility across Europe and by enabling a better anticipation of skills demand and national labour market shortages; • pave the way for European citizenship. Even if the first 6 founding countries shared some common references about social security, mostly based on the professional activity, social security, coordination was necessary to make mobility attractive (regulations 3 and 4 1958)

4. Freedom of movement of workers was to be secured within the Community through the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment. Coordination and not harmonization (since social security systems are a part of the national identity) adjusts social security systems in relation to each other to protect the entitlements of migrants while leaving the national schemes intact in other respects.

5. Equal treatment: person residing on the territory of a Member State (MS) is subject to the same obligations and benefits from the same rights as the citizens of that MS, Rules are laid down to determine which member country’s legislation the person is subject to, Rights in the course of acquisition are protected through aggregation of periods of insurance, residence or employment spent in each of the respective countries to establish a right in another Member State. rights already acquired are protected by allowing certain benefits to be exported.

6. An ongoing process of adaptation successive enlargements with new models, more residence based introduction of new benefits: early retirement, long term care, Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP)… Major changes in the working conditions which mirror the challenges faced on national labour markets

7. 50 years ago most of the workers were migrants workers who settled in another country at least for their work period and eventually retired in their home country. • today the mobile worker is more often a frontier worker who comes back home every night or a worker who can alternate in the same year periods in the home country or in several EU countries as wage earner, self employed, or be jobless. • working conditions have changed e.g. teleworking, self-employment. • the model of the family with a male bread winner disappears. • workers mobility leads to new approach of the collection of contributions and taxes and of the assessment of the rights of the recipients. • importance of prevention of social dumping in relation with posting.

8. The EU single labour marketfunctionswithverydifferent national situations regarding social protection: • percentage of social protection (SP) spending in the GDP : EU average 29%, highest DK 34%, lowest LV 15,1%. • large differences in the breakdown of social spendingamong the EU countries : • the countries of Southern Europe dedicate about 50 % of their social protection spending to retirement benefits • family or childbenefits are at the highest in the Nordic countries , Germany and Ireland • the Nordic countries are prone to a high coverage of invalidityrisk • a high level of spending for housing and inclusion in Netherlands and UK • two main models : professional, linked to workwith contributions on wages (bismarckian) and universal or residence-basedrelyingupon taxes (beveridgian)

9. No direct link between SP spending model or level and unemployment. - DK (beveridgian) which ranks at the top for SP spending with 34,2 % of GDP had a 6.6% unemployment versus UK(beveridgian) with 27.3% SP spending of GDP and 6.1 % for unemployment and Germany (bismarckian) with 29.4 % for SP spending enjoys the lowest unemployment rate in EU with 5%. Much room for policy makers especially because employment dynamics are not the same in the EU members

10. Social protection as a part of the policy to tackleunemployment Main interactions between social protection and labour market: facilitate labour market participation prevent and protect against risks throughout the lifecourse In relation with other actions : tax system and job creation wage moderation investment in education and training school to work transition reintegration of long term unemployed better social dialogue JOINT EMPLOYMENT REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION AND THE COUNCIL

11. Social protection systems must better protect against social exclusion and poverty and become encompassing instruments at the service of individual development, labour market and life-course transitions and social cohesion. to secure pension, have longer and fuller careers with active ageing policies sufficiently covering health and training investment in the working age population, including especially for women, disabled and older workers encourage the provision of, and access to effective primary health care services

12. Focus on some changes : - Redesign of structural conditions: global increase in the part of the public contributions versus social contributions especially in bismarckian countries: to deal with social change e.g. single parent household to alleviate the direct labour costs of targeted categories of workers - New management of social benefits restriction to early retirement or retirement benefit (conditions, level) active labour market policies (ALMP) with impact on benefit. Unemployment, invalidity or disability benefits would be granted only to people who are willing to undergo measures aiming a reintegration into the labour market.

13. Evolution of the part of public contribution in the financing of social protection

14. Expenditure on unemployment benefits and ALMP (% of GDP) and unemployment

15. ALMP expenditure by type of action and by Member State (2010, in % GDP)

16. Social protection as a necessary component By reducing direct labour costs with targeted social contributions reductions on less productive categories young people or categories with peculiar difficulties (long term unemployed people or ageing people) or low paid employees By investing to alleviate the charge on employees for example in prevention (health) to allow people working older ( charge of retirement pension) or to speed up the retun into employment invalidity,disability,unemployment benefits recipients through active labour market policies By making employees less mobility adverse with more secured unemployment benefits By tackling special needs as single parent households by childcare facilities … Trial of experience rating for contribution (unemployment benefit, occupational disease or occupational accident benefit…)

17. An intermediate conclusion from the Europeanexperience: There is no one European best way or model but a set of experienceswhichcouldbeused to find the fine tuningtakingaccount of national conditions. It is possible to run different social protection systems in the same economic zone or monetary zone (Eurozone) and to achieve a common labor market; social security coordination is needed to make workers mobility attractive and to prevent social dumping. Anywayitisnecessary to have a better coordination of the national social policies and a better coordination betweenemployment and social policiesthat are the aims of the open method of coordination. The main contribution of social protection to employmentpoliciesisperhaps on anotherfield, that of the reduction of inequalities, a condition for a sustainabledevelopment.