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Bell Activity : Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4

Bell Activity : Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4 2.5 (pg. 19 & top half of pg. 20) While reading define the following terms: Domestication Cultural Diffusion* Civilization City-State. Focus Question. What are the major characteristics of the Neolithic period?

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Bell Activity : Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4

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  1. Bell Activity: Read the following sections: 2.3 (pg. 16 only) 2.4 2.5 (pg. 19 & top half of pg. 20) While reading define the following terms: Domestication Cultural Diffusion* Civilization City-State

  2. Focus Question What are the major characteristics of the Neolithic period? The major characteristics of the Neolithic period are…

  3. Early Civilizations Mesopotamia

  4. Fertile Crescent & Beginnings of Civilization

  5. Five Characteristics of Civilization Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology

  6. Map of Sumer

  7. Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers • Soil enriched by Tigris & Euphrates rivers… • settlements built on the plains • Sun-dried clay bricks used as construction material

  8. Part I: Ur Population – 30,000 Location on Euphrates River in Southern Iraq Advanced trading city Developed bronze

  9. Cultural roots of the Civilization • Origins unknown • Settlements date to 5200 BCE for some city-states • 3000 BCE onwards their history was recorded w/ decoded writing*

  10. Contributions to Civilization- 1 • Cuneiform writing • Wedge shaped writing on clay tablets • using a stylus*

  11. Sumerian Oldest known written language Survived as written language until cuneiform tradition fell into disuse around the time of Christ*

  12. Sumerian Cuneiform

  13. Flood Tablet of Gilgamesh(cuneiform) British Museum

  14. Contributions to Civilization - 2 • System of numbers • based on the unit of 60 which we use today to measure time

  15. Contributions to Civilization – 3 • Architecture/ ziggurats • “mountain of god” • center of life in Ur • well guarded treasure house

  16. Sumeria: Ziggurat reconstruction

  17. Ziggurat

  18. Other Contributions Wheel, sail, plow Bronze Scientific investigations

  19. Economy of Ur • Based on agriculture • Trade flourished • Egypt to India • Economy dominated by wealthy merchants

  20. Sumerian house

  21. Government • Divided into independent warring city-states • Priests governed first… • Kings ruled later

  22. Social Divisions Priests & kings made up an aristocracy Wealthy merchants Free craftsmen & farmers Slaves (war captives)

  23. PolytheisticReligion* • Evolution in worship from…forces of nature to… • Gods who acted as humans do… • Gods who were omnipotent—all powerful

  24. Praying figures from the royal tombs Ur 2500 BCE

  25. Goddess Inana Warrior, lover, source of beauty and culture

  26. Role of Women • Controlled their dowry & engaged in business • Ruled • Not equal to men ** Adultery for women was punished by death

  27. Early Sumerian Tablethttp://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Games/cuneiform.shtml 3100-2900 BCE

  28. Decline of Sumerian City-States Salinization of soil led to economic decline War City-states faced with invasion by Akkadians

  29. Conflict Erupts • Sumerians v. Semitic peoples from Arabian deserts • Sargon of Akkad was a Semite • took over Sumer

  30. Sargon of Akkad Took over Sumeria Capital City Babylon Established first empire 2350 BCE

  31. Akkadian Empire

  32. Hammurabi,“King of the Four Quarters of the World” Ruled in Babylon 1792-1750 BCE Famous for law code Took over all Mesopotamia Empire collapsed soon after his death

  33. Hammurabi Monument1800 BCE(Louvre)

  34. Musee du Louvre, Paris The Stone Pillar of Hammurabi

  35. Babylonian Contributions - 1 • Code of Hammurabi • Sharp class divisions • Fair treatment for women • Stern sense of justice— “eye of an eye” • Business law

  36. Babylonian contributions - 2 • Astronomy • Charted the heavens • Could predict eclipses • Thought planets controlled lives of humans.

  37. Babylonian contributions - 3 • Religious Literature • Creation story • Building of an ark and a great flood that resembles Old Testament

  38. Assyria

  39. Assyrian Empire 1300 BCE – 612 BCE Northern Mesopotamia Period of greatness lasted only a century Culture based on Babylon & ancient Sumer (preserved in libraries)

  40. Mighty Assyrians Used terror and atrocities on enemies Most hated of the ancients Art forms celebrated war & slaughter

  41. Assyrian Empire

  42. Assyrian Empire Map

  43. Assyrian Contributions • Government • Provinces • Military roads • Ashurbanipal’s Library • Located at Nineveh • 1,000s of preserved tablets

  44. Wingedbulls from the palace of Sargon II(musee du Louvre)

  45. The New Babylonians aka Chaldeans(612-539 BCE) • Overthrew Assyrian rule • Famous ruler: Nebuchadnezzar • He captured Jerusalem • Capital: Babylon • Contributions: • Architecture & Astronomy

  46. Babylonian Achievements • Influenced entire ancient world, esp. Hebrews & Greeks … • strong Bible connections • Greek literature • Greek geometry • Astronomy, astrology

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