PACT Deliverable D2.2 Pathway of new technologies

1. PACT Deliverable D2.2Pathway of new technologies • Housing and energy services Jonathan Köhler (Fraunhofer ISI) Martin Jakob (Fraunhofer ISI) Wolfgang Eichhammer (Fraunhofer ISI) BrieucBougnoux (ENERDATA) PACT Mid-termassessment meeting 17 -18 May, Brussels

2. Objective Provide a clear understanding of technology candidates to fulfill the various needs in post-carbon societies • State of the art today (R&D, industrial status) • Performance • Type and amount of material requirements • Potential development trajectory • learning process • Necessary break through, bottlenecks • Industrialization condition

3. Different future urban and land use paradigms Source: Sessa (2010) PACT Dl1.1

4. The implications of different urban forms on pathway of carbon-free technologies • Energy demand density Structure of building park(mixture of building types, age structure) => specific costs of energy distribution • Height of buildings => restrictions on construction types • Size of buildings and plants => economy of scale • Preservation, architecture => restrictions and costs on retrofits • Existing energy infrastructure => path dependency (stranded investm.) • Potential, availability andexploitability of renewables: => locally (spatially) bounded, transportation distance

5. Synopsis of main technologies in the residential building sector for a low carbon society in different urban patterns Source: Fraunhofer ISI, TEP Energy

6. Strategic approach to achieve a carbon-free housing sector • Distinguish between individual buildings and the housing sector as a system • Distinguish between new and existing buildings Existing buildings: Advantage and drawback of different carbon-mitigation strategies

7. Strategic approach to achieve a carbon-free housing sector • Reduce thermal losses (through air-exchange, building envelope or other containments such as hot water storage, appliances) • Reduce loss of energy conversions at all levels • Tap (passive) energy from internal (persons, lighting, appliances) and external (solar) sources • Use renewable energies such as wood, thermal solar for space heating, hot water and appliances • Actively generate energy (e.g. electricity, biogas) from renewable sources on-site or off-site, for own-use and for third-party use • Reduce embodied energy of materials or substitute for such materials • Use of renewable materials => Do all of it, but with different intensity, depending on the case

8. Strategic approach to achieve a carbon-free housing sector (*) cooking, baking, cooling, freezing, washing

9. Technology Standards PathwaytoSustainableBuildings Pathway to achieve a carbon-free housing sector • From the general to the specific Standards and building concepts define need of specific technology progress or need for new technologies (not vice versa) Two cases to consider • Current stage of concepts and technologies to be improved • Future new technologies

10. Building standards and concepts

11. Final energy consumption of different building codes and standards (active house not yet part of standards) Source: www.passiv.de

12. Building design principles Measured energy consumption of old existing buildings and new low-energy and Passive house buildings: Impact of standards dominates impact of user behaviour Passive design concept: Advanced insulation Control air exchange: leak-proof envelope and ventilation with heat recovery Use of internal and solar gains May includes light harvesting and circulation of indoor air Source: www.passiv.de

13. Representation of the zero energy building concepts The Z3 approach which includes: Zero Energy Zero Emission Zero Costs (only operation costs) Source: IEA (2008)

14. Pathway of building standards and concepts

15. Technological requirements for meeting the standards in 2050

16. Building envelope

17. Building envelope Thermal conductivity of several insulating materials Source: Flumroc

18. Advanced (new) insulation technologies:Vacuum and low core material conductivity Vacuum insulation panels Conventional and advanced insulation materials Source: Ruben Baetens et al

19. Past development of U-values of window glazing of pioneer projects and market penetration Triple-gazed windows fulfil the standard of the passive houses. Source: Jakob and Madlener (2004), Jakob M., Efonet

20. Pathway of U-values of opaque envelope and glazing Source: Urbikain and Sala 2009, Jakob et al. 2002, 2006

21. Innovations in the field of glazing and windows • Ultra-low U-values • Vaccum glazing • Foils between glazings • Switchable (controlable) glazing • Airflow windows Source: L.D. Danny Harvey, Low Energy Buildings and District-Energy Systems

22. Building technologies

23. Pathway of building technology systems

24. Pathway of COP of heat pumps • COP depends on • T of (renewable) source • T of heating distribution system => integrated planning required • Technological quality • Could be increased up to 10 COP development of all tested air-water heat pumps since 1993 Source: http://www.waermepumpe.ch/ Jahresbericht 2007

25. PV: development of best research cell efficiencies Source: Lawrence Kazmerski, Don Gwinner, Al Hicks

26. District heat share of all end use of net heat and electricity in the industrial, residential, and service sectors for EU25 + ACC4 + EFTA 3 during 2003 Source: http://www.ags.chalmers.se/pathways/pdf/Werner.pdf AGS Pathways 1rst Conference, Stockholm, October 18, 2006

27. Fuel cell types with on-site electrical and overall efficiency, without taking into account the efficiency of fuel production

28. Storage

29. Specific heat of some media and their temperature range Source: Atul Sharma et al. 2007

30. Classification of phase change materials (PCMs)

31. Energy storage vs. temperature of rock, water and PCM

32. Storage media and their R&D stage

33. Materials

34. Pathway of materials

35. Summary of future promising technologies for a low-carbon or carbon-free society

36. Conclusions • Consider concepts/standards and technologies simultaneously • Consider space heating, hot water, lighting, appliances combined if poss. • Conceptual and technological (optimal) choice depends on urban patterns • Combine low energy demand (low losses), (passive) gains,energy generation from renewables (on- and off-site), storage, low energy-intensive and renewable materials=> Do all of it, but with different intensity, depending on the case • We can go far with existing technologies and some improvements • But: distinct improvements and new technologies very much ease the pathway to a carbon-free society

37. From here: back-up slides

38. The implications of different urban forms on pathway of carbon-free technologies The key factors behind the different forms of settlements can be analysed focusing on the nexus between the distributions over space of: • Population (where people live: houses) • Consumption opportunities (where people consume private and public goods) • Production opportunities (where people produce)

39. Low-E glass- Low future U-Values Backup slide Low emissivity glass-Low E glass Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) as a function of the U-value of different glazing types

40. Synopsis of building elements,housing technologies and energy services Backup slide Source: Own representation Fraunhofer ISI

41. Transition from a low energy house (Minergie) to passive house (Minergie-P) in Switzerland Renewable Energies recommended required Useful Heat Demand 90% treshold v. 60% treshold v. SIA 380/1:2009 SIA 380/1:2009 Insulation 20 – 25cm 20 – 35cm Coated glass twofold threefold Heat Distribution usual air heating possible Appliances recommended required Controlled ventilation required required Source: www.minergie.ch Peak demand No requirement max. 10W/m2* Weighted energy specific consumption