Jolanta Perek – Białas, PhD Institute of Sociology Jagiellonian University Cracow, Poland

1. Secondary data for sociologists: current possibilities on national, European and international level Jolanta Perek – Białas, PhD Institute of Sociology Jagiellonian University Cracow, Poland jperek@uj.edu.pl Linz, Austria, 13th of December 2006

2. Primary and secondary data Primary data:they are invented by researcher especially in order to answer/solve the specific research problem (i.e. consumer’s satisfaction survey, to know what the values are the most important, different social aspects) Secondary data:data which are collected not to give an answer for our questions (ie. European Social Survey or Household Budget Survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office)

3. Secondary data: definition Secondary data - data generated and collected earlier, by someone else and in other aim, not exactly (not the same) as our research’s aim They are usually from the past (historical ones). They are usually collected by someone else and so we do not need to contact with respondents

4. Characteristics

5. Secondary data according to the source Internal External Need to be prepared Published Database Ready to use Other research

6. Why secondary data? • Problem identification • Better definition (re-definition) of the problem • Better assessment of proper approach to the problem • Adequate conceptualization of the research (key variables) • Obtaining some answers for some questions, re-formulating hypothesis • It could be done before qualitative research , ie. Who should be invited for the Focus Group Interview? • Better interpretation of primary data.

7. The golden rule of using the secondary data Collect the primary data only then when you use all possible sources of information or they will not give you significant results!

8. Advantages • Better understanding of research problem • Give a problem solution • Help to plan a research (primary data) • Give an attention for a specific problems to take in surveys • Help in better interpretation of primary data • Availability • Quickness • Relatively low cost

9. Disadvantages • Data in other aim as our project’s aim • Limited utility for solving an actual problem • Lack of some data (i.e. local market/ market niche) • Could be not up-dated • Could be not precise • Could be not objective

10. Evaluation of secondary data • What was the aim of survey? • Who did collect data? • What kind of data were gathered? • When were the data gathered? • In what way were the data gathered? • (Source: Stewart D., Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods, Sage, Beverly Hills 1984) • How it was financed? (additional)

11. Looking for secondary data • Describe what you would like to know/what you know • Create the list of keywords • Start searching of different sources • Evaluate if data are adequate • Redefine the keywords and use more sources • Check the accuracy of these data (Stewart, 1984)

12. Exampleson national level (POLISH CASE) • Central Statistical Office – data from household budget surveys, local, regional data www.stat.gov.pl • Diagnoza Społeczna www.diagnoza.com.pl 3. CBOS, TNS OBOP, GFK Polonia – possibility to gather relatively cheap data from public opinion polls www.cbos.pl, www.gfk.pl

13. Diagnoza Społeczna/SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS • Living conditions and quality of life – not just survey – rather facts • Sample size more than 3,000 households/about 9,000 persons • Complex sample and weights for cross-section survey and panel sample (2000,2003 and 2005) • About 188 MAIN CONCLUSIONS • Data (in SPSS/SAS), report and tables on the web page • No English sum up for 2005/English version for 2003

14. Example on European level European Social Survey– survey on different social aspects in the majority of European countries www.europeansocialsurvey.org

15. European Social Survey • Therefore the ESS aims to pioneer and ‘prove’ a standard of methodology for cross-national attitude surveys that has hitherto not been attempted anywhere in the world. • It is in particular a pioneering project in respect of the difficult methodological problems posed by cross-national attitude surveys.

16. European Social Survey • A1 –A10Media; social trust • B1 – B40Politics, including: political interest, efficacy, trust, electoral and other forms of participation, party allegiance, socio-political orientations • C1 – C28Subjective well-being, social exclusion; religion; perceived discrimination; national and ethnic identity • D1-D30Health and care seekinghealth, medicine, and doctor/patient relations • E1-E30Economic morality, Trust and interactions between producers and consumers • F1 – F70bSocio-demographic profile, including:household composition, sex, age, type of area, education & occupation of respondent, partner, parents, union membership, income, marital status • G1-G124Family Work and Wellbeingwork-life balance • Section HHuman values scale • Section ITest questions • Section JInterviewer self-completion questions

17. Exampleon international level The World Values Survey were designed to provide a comprehensive measurement of all major areas of human concern, from religion to politics to economic and social life www.worldvaluessurvey.org

18. The World Values Survey Association • is a non-profit organization funded by various scientific foundations. • carries out representative national surveys of the values and beliefs of people in their own countries. • the data collected is shared immediately among the members of the network, and two years after completion of fieldwork, the data is published for public use.

19. Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World (Ronald Inglehart )

20. Religion – our interest • DIAGNOZA – not focus on this aspect only with the individual well-being • EES – a few questions (examples) • WVS – a lot of different questions (different ones, even, believe in God, in sin, etc.)

21. % of persons participating in religious events at least 4 times per month and praying to the God in difficult situations (2000-2005) Source: years 2000-2005, Diagnoza Społeczna, report 2005, p. 165

22. Question C 14 Apart from special occasions such as weddings and funerals, about how often do you attend religious services nowadays? Instruction(s): Pre: CARD 22 Post: Please use this card. Variable name and label: RLGATND How often attend religious services apart from special occasions Values and categories 01 Every day 02 More than once a week 03 Once a week 04 At least once a month 05 Only on special holy days 06 Less often 07 Never 77 Refusal 88 Don't know 99 No answer Question C 15 Apart from when you are at religious services, how often, if at all, do you pray? Instruction(s): Pre: STILL CARD 22 Post: Please use this card. Variable name and label: PRAY How often pray apart from at religious services Values and categories 01 Every day 02 More than once a week 03 Once a week 04 At least once a month 05 Only on special holy days 06 Less often 07 Never 77 Refusal 88 Don't know 99 No answer EES

23. EES

24. EES

25. WVS • See the output in the SPSS

26. Internet Diagnoza – quite a lot of different aspects EES - ASK ALL A7CARD 2Now, using this card, how often do you use the internet, theWorld Wide Web or e-mail – whether at home or at work – for your personal[1] use? No access at home or work 00 Never use 01 Less than once a month 02 Once a month 03 Several times a month 04 Once a week 05 Several times a week 06 Every day 07 (Don’t know) 88 [1] “Personal use’” is private or recreational use that does not have to do with one’s work or occupation. WVS – no such word, in 2005 once

27. DIAGNOZA (2005) See the report, 2005

28. OLDER EES (2002) YOUNG EES II ROUND,% of Persons using Internet at least once per month

29. SUM UP (1) * Different in other countries, please look at the documentation

30. SUM UP (2)

31. SUM UP (3)