The SHARE Approach Essential Steps of Shared Decision Making

1. The SHARE ApproachEssential Steps of Shared Decision Making Workshop Course

2. Module 1 Shared Decision Making and the SHARE Approach

3. Module 1 – Purpose • Present information about the five-step SHARE Approach of shared decision making and how to implement it.

4. Module 1 – Learning objectives At the conclusion of this activity, the participant will be able to: • Define shared decision making. • List critical elements required in effective shared decision making. • Explain key steps for conducting shared decision making.

5. Patient and provider perspectives • http://vimeo.com/35274883 • With permission from the Stillwater Medical Group, Stillwater, MN

6. Discussion How did the patients feel about their experience with their providers?

7. The “What,” “Why,” and “When” of Shared Decision Making

8. Definition • Shared decision making occurs when a health care provider and a patient work together to make a health care decision that is best for the patient. • The optimal decision takes into account evidence-based information about available options, the provider’s knowledge and experience, and the patient’s values and preferences.   

9. Tool 1 - Essential Steps of Shared Decision Making: Quick Reference Guide

10. The SHARE Approach • The SHARE Approach is a five-step process for shared decision making that includes exploring and comparing the benefits, harms, and risks of each health care option through meaningful dialogue about what matters most to the patient.  

11. The SHARE Approach • Step 1: Seek your patient’s participation • Step 2: Help your patient explore and compare treatment options • Step 3: Assess your patient’s values and preferences • Step 4: Reach a decision with your patient • Step 5: Evaluate your patient’s decision Refer to page 2, Tool 1.

12. Nine essential elements (Makoul & Clayman)1 • Conducted a systematic review of the literature in 2006 • Identified the most frequently referenced essential elements of shared decision making • The SHARE Approach includes these nine elements.

13. Nine essential elements (Makoul & Clayman)1 • Define/explain problem. • Present options. • Discuss benefits/risks/costs. • Clarify patient’s values/preferences. • Discuss patient ability/self-efficacy. • Discuss doctor knowledge/recommendations. • Check/clarify patient’s understanding. • Make or defer a decision. • Arrange follow-up.

14. Why shared decision making is important? • In many cases there are several treatment options available. • Evidence-based assessments of treatments and interventions often fail to identify one treatment as clearly superior to another. • Shared decision making (guided by providers) can help patients understand the benefits and harms of the options and clarify their own values and preferences.

15. Benefits for your patients2-8 • Shared decision making can: • Improve the patient’s experience of care • Improve patient adherence to treatment recommendations - emerging evidence that it can help improve health outcomes

16. Benefits for your organization8 • Shared decision making can: • Improve the quality of care delivered • Increase patient satisfaction You will learn more about patient and provider benefits from shared decision making in Module 4.

17. When to engage in shared decision making? • Engage when your patient has a health problem that needs a treatment decision. • Not every patient encounter requires shared decision making. • Some patients may not want to or be ready to participate in shared decision making.9-11 • A patient choosing not to participate in the decision-making process is still makinga decision.

18. What studies are showing11-13 • Studies suggest that many health providers believe patients are not interested in participating in health care decision making. • Evidence suggests that most patient want more information than given, and many would like to be more involved in their health decisions.

19. The “Who” and “How” of Shared Decision Making

20. Who is involved in shared decision making in the clinical setting? • The entire medical team should be familiar with and involved in shared decision making.

21. Collaborative roles in shared decision making – Key Roles • Patient • Actively participates and is the center of shared decision making • Physician, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner • Lets their patient know there is a choice and invites patient to be involved in the decision • Presents options and describes the risks and harms • Explores patient’s values and preference Refer to page 6, Tool 1.

22. Collaborative roles in shared decision making – other team members • Decision coach (nurses, social workers, health educator) • Helps assess factors impacting the patient’s decisional conflicts • Provides support • Monitors progress • Screens what is influencing implementations • What does decision conflict look like? • Your patient may: • Verbalize uncertainty about the choice • Waver between choices • Delay the decision • Question personal values or what is important to them • Be preoccupied with the decision • Show signs of distress or tension

23. Collaborative roles in shared decision making – other team members • Shared decision making manager/support staff • Organizes the clinical practice to incorporate shared decision making • Manages the library of decision aids and technologies • Manages the clinical processes

24. Collaborative roles in shared decision making • Family members and caregivers • Lend support in clarifying the patient’s values and preferences • Serve as legal proxy for children, elderly, or seriously ill patients

25. Collaborative roles in shared decision making • Medical treatment specialists • Offer input when treatment options require input from specialists

26. Supportive materials from AHRQ Decision support resources are an important part of the “how” of shared decision making.

27. Using evidence-based decision aids to support shared decision making • Rely on materials that have reliable, unbiased summaries of evidence-based research. • AHRQ and other organizations have many evidence-based treatment option resources. • AHRQ's Effective Health Care Program is a growing library of free, easy-to-read treatment option resources for many health conditions. More on decision support resources in Module 2. Refer to pages 7-8, Tool 1.

28. Benefits of using decision aids in shared decision making8 • Improves patient’s knowledge of options • Results in patient having more accurate expectations of possible benefits and risks • Leads to patient making decisions that are more consistent with his/her values • Increases patient’s participation in decision making

29. Health Care Encounter Without Shared Decision Making Video Presentation

30. Rebecca & Dr. Miller Is this typical of the patient-provider interactions you’ve observed? How satisfied is Rebecca with the outcome of the encounter? Why? How satisfied is Dr. Miller with the outcome of the encounter? Why?

31. The SHARE Approach Step by Step

33. Presenting SHARE steps. . . • The mnemonic “SHARE” is a learning device to help you readily recall the steps in the SHARE Approach Model. • You may find that you do not present them in “linear order” during encounters. • The important takeaway is to address all five steps.

34. Tool 2 - Expanded Reference Guide with Sample Conversation Starters

35. Step 1: Seek your patient’s participation • Communicate that a choice exists and invite the patient to participate in the decision-making process. Many patients are not aware that they can and should participate in their health care decision making. Many patients are not aware of the uncertainty in medicine, and that the outcomes of various treatments are variable. Refer to page 3, Tool 2.

36. Step 1: Seek your patient’s participation Tips • Summarize the health problem and communicate there may be more than one treatment choice. • Ask your patient to participate with the health care team. • Assess the role your patient wants to play. • Include family/caregivers in decisions. Use cues to continually engage your patient. For example, “I’d like you input” Refer to page 3, Tool 2.

37. Step 1: Seek your patient’s participation Refer to page 3, Tool 2.

38. Discussion Do you have other phrases that you use as conversation starters to get patients engaged?

39. Patient Poster

40. Engaging your patients to ask questions • Post the “Know Your Options” poster in your waiting room and exam rooms. Find it: • On your thumb drive • In your notebook • On the AHRQ Web site at www.ahrq.gov/shareddecisionmaking • Learn about AHRQ’s “Questions are the Answer” campaign. Refer to page 8, Tool 1.

41. Step 2: Help your patient explore and compare treatment options • Discuss the benefits and risks of each treatment option. • Use evidence-based decision-making resources to compare treatment options. Read more about decision-support resources in Module 2. Refer to page 4, Tool 2.

42. Step 2: Help your patient explore and compare treatment options Tips • Check for patient knowledge of the options. • Clearly communicate risks and benefits of each option. • Explain the limitations of what is known about the options. • Use simple visual aids and evidence-based decision aids when possible. • Summarize by listing the options.

43. Step 2: Help your patient explore and compare treatment options Refer to pages 5-8, Tool 2.

44. Step 3: Assess your patient’s values and preferences • An optimal decision is one that takes into account patient preferences and values. • Communicate with your patient about the outcomes that are most important to him or her. • What matters most to your patient? • Recovery time • Out-of-pocket costs • Being pain free • Having a specific level of functionality Refer to page 9, Tool 2.

45. Step 3: Assess your patient’s values and preferences Tips • Encourage your patient to talk about his or her values and preferences. • Use open-ended questions. • Listen actively to the patient and show empathy and interest. • Acknowledge what matters to your patient. • Agree on what is important to your patient.

46. Step 3: Assess your patient’s values and preferences Refer to page 9, Tool 2.

47. Step 4: Reach a decision withyour patient • Decide together on the best option. • Arrange for follow-up steps to achieve the preferred treatment. Refer to page 10, Tool 2.

48. Step 4: Reach a decision with your patient Tips • Ask your patient if he/she is ready to make a decision. • Ask your patient if he/she needs more information. • Schedule another session if your patient needs more time to consider the decision. • Confirm the decision with your patient. • Schedule follow-up appointments to carry out preferred options.

49. Step 4 dialogue: Reach a decision with your patient Refer to page 10, Tool 2.

50. Step 5: Evaluate your patient’s decision • Support your patient so the treatment decision has a positive impact on health outcomes. • For management of chronic illness, revisit decision after a trial period. Refer to page 11, Tool 2.