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Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial S ociety in the West

Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial S ociety in the West. AP World History Mr. Toma Midwest City High School. The Age of Revolution. Age of Revolution (1776-1848) American Revolution 1775 French Revolution 1789 What contributes?

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Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial S ociety in the West

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  1. Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West • AP World History • Mr. Toma • Midwest City High School

  2. The Age of Revolution • Age of Revolution (1776-1848) • American Revolution 1775 • French Revolution 1789 • What contributes? • Intellectual challenge, commercial growth, population pressure, tense politics

  3. Forces of Change • Three forces working to disrupt Europe • Cultural force • Commercialization • Population revolution • Protoindustralization • Social changes throughout Europe

  4. The American Revolution • New taxes and trade controls after 1763 • Taxation Without Representation • Declaration of Independence of 1776 • Issued by the new American government • American Constitution in 1789

  5. French Revolution • Louis XVI called for a parliamentary meeting about tax reform • New assembly calls for one vote per head • New middle-class assembly becomes a political regime • Manorialism abolished: Peasents were given title to lands, church property seized, Bastille stormed July 14, 1789 • New constitution with new individual rights, Kings power limited.

  6. French Radicals • Reign of Terror (1792-1795) • Led by Maximilien Robespierre • Use of the guillotine • Prosecuted the king in 1792 • 1794“Cult of the Supreme Being” (Civic Religion) • Second purge let to his execution. • Pushed revolutionary reforms • Nationalism

  7. French Authoritarians • Napoleon Bonaparte, converted France to an authoritarian empire. • Devoted most attention to expansion abroad. • Held or controlled most of western Europe by 1812 • 1812- France begins to fail (invasion of Russia fails) • Spread revolutionary ideas and legislation • Encouraged nationalism

  8. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

  9. Revolutionary Legacy • 1815, Congress of Vienna= peace settlement • Territorial adjustments • Growing political movements • Conservatives, Liberals, Radicals • Greek Revolution of 1820 • Belgian Revolution of 1830 • French Revolution of 1830 • Reform Bill of 1832

  10. Industrialization and 1848 Revolutions • Industrial Revolution • Chartist Movement • Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary • Democracy in France • Failures of revolutions • Industrial class structure

  11. Adjustments to Industrial Life • Railroads and canals were constructed and linked cities throughout Europe. • Family life adjusted to urbanization. • Louis Pasteur discovered germs. • 1860-1873- The number of corporations in Europe doubled. • Peasant protests declined.

  12. Industrialization in Europe, 1850

  13. Political Trends and New Nations • Many Western leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution after 1850. • Nationalism in Italy and Germany • Kingdom of Italy established 1861 • Germany unification in 1871 • American Civil War 1861-1865 • Most Western nations had a parliamentary system by 1870s.

  14. UnificationofItaly 1859-1870

  15. UnificationofGermany1815-1871

  16. Government Functions • Civil service examinations in all governments(ability over bloodline) • Governments extended regulations (factory safety, immigration, etc) • Schooling expanded (compulsory to age12) • By 1900, 90-95% of Western Europeans and Americans were literate • Governments introduce welfare measures • The “Social Question” (socialism and feminist movements)

  17. Socialism • Rise of Socialism in Germany by Karl Marx • Class struggle = group out of power (propertyless proletariat) vs. group controlling the means of production (bourgeoisie) • Grievances of proletariat will lead to revolution; full freedom will be achieved • Class struggle would end because class systems would be eliminated • Socialist parties extend to Austria, France

  18. More Challenges • Revisionism- argument that Marx’s ideas were wrong and success could be achieved by peaceful means • Feminist movements, 1900s • Suffrage in 1918 for USA, Germany, Britain • Most movements came from middle class women

  19. Cultural Transformations • White-collar labor force grows in the working class • Secretaries, clerks, salespeople • Widespread advertising promoted products • Bicycle fad of the 1880’s • Mass leisure culture • Theatre, comedy routines, entertainment • Team sports • Soccer, football, baseball • 1896- Olympic games

  20. Advances in Scientific Knowledge • 1859- Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species • All living species evolved and adapted in order to survive • Albert Einstein- theory of relativity • Time as a factor in physical measurement • Sigmund Freud- study of the human subconscious

  21. New Directions in Art • Romanticism- emotion is key to human experience and nature, not reason and generalization. • Art- intense passion, madness, interest in literature • Writers- to move readers to tears, not debate • Poetry- did not have to rhyme • Art and Sculpture- more and more abstract Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Children

  22. Western Settler Societies • Industrial Revolution created the need for new markets and the need for new raw materials and agricultural products. • Industrialization of the West’s military • Repeating rifle and machine gun • Steamships • Massive European emigration • Many societies were immigrant majorities

  23. Emerging Power of U.S. • Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • America as a symbol of freedom • 1861-1865 American Civil War • Industrial North, growing farms vs. Slave-holding, plantation growing South • Disputes over slaveholding • Accelerated industrialization

  24. European Settlements • European immigrants settled in Canada, Australia, New Zealand in the 19th century • Canada won by Britain from France in 18th century • Granted self-rule in 1839 from Britain • Britain established colonies in 1788 in Australia • By 1840, Australia has 140,000 European immigrants • New Zealand was taken control over by the British in 1840

  25. Early 19th-century Settlements

  26. Diplomatic Tensions and the New Alliance System • Imperialist expansion fed the sense of rivalry between nation-states • 1907- Most European nations were in one of two alliance systems. • Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, France • Artillery levels and naval forces grew steadily • Germany concerned about facing enemies on east and west

  27. World War I • Small Balkan nations won independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century • 1912 and 1913- Balkan nations engaged in two internal wars • Serbia didn’t gain as much territory as they thought it should be granted • 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist • Russia mobilized its troops against Austria • World War I begins on August 1st, 1914

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