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Nervous System

Learn about the structure, organization, and function of the nervous system in domesticated animals, including neurons, synapses, and subdivisions of the brain.

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Nervous System

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  1. Nervous System ANS 215 Anatomy & Physiology Of Domesticated Animals

  2. Neuron • Functional unit of the nervous system • Consists of: cell body, axon, dendrites

  3. Neuron • Cell membrane = axolemma • Myelin sheath = neurolemma; Increases the speed of conduction • Mammalian neurons can be bipolar (on axon and one dendrite) or multipolar (many branching dendrites and one axon) • The axon and its myelin sheath are called a nerve fiber

  4. Synapse

  5. Oligodendrocyte

  6. Node of Ranvier

  7. Nervous System Organization • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves • Autonomic nerves • ganglia

  8. Subdivisions of the Brain

  9. Subdivisions of the Brain

  10. Location of Brain Subdivisions

  11. Sources of Input to Cerebellum

  12. The Brain

  13. Brain Stem • Midbrain • Visual reflex center • Auditory reflex center • Nuclei and fiber tracts • Pons and Medulla Oblongata • Up and down pathways • Reflex centers

  14. Brain Stem • Interbrain • Hypothalamus – integration • Thalamus – relay center • Epithalamus – olfactory and pineal gland

  15. Cerebellum • Not concerned with consciousness or sensation • Controls motor function • Makes adjustments to prevent distortion of inertia and momentum

  16. Basal Ganglia • Control of complex semi-voluntary movements (walking, running) • Lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres • Composed of separate, large pools of neurons

  17. Cerebrum • Cortex – covering of gray matter • Medulla – white matter • Association fibers, commissural fibers (connect two hemispheres) • Projection fibers (connect cortex to other parts of brain and spinal cord)

  18. Cerebrum • 2 hemispheres that contain: - Sensory areas - Reactions that result in consciousness - High degree of educability - Decussation - Motor area size and number of complex skeletal muscles movements

  19. Evolution and Growthof the Cerebrum

  20. Evolution of Cerebral Hemispheres Evolution of the cerebral hemispheres as seen in cross sections. Only the left hemisphere is shown in the lower figures. Light gray indicates the paleostriatum. Reptiles and birds have added new nuclear masses (neostriatum and hyperstriatum). Mammals have developed a cortex. Note the old striatal complex (now called basal ganglia) still present in the mammal.

  21. Brain and Spinal Nerves

  22. Spinal Cord • Most caudal portion of the Central Nervous System • Continuation of medulla • Segmented, 31 pairs of spinal nerves • Sensory – afferent fibers • Motor – efferent fibers • Ascending pathways – sensory information • Descending pathways – motor information

  23. Spinal Nerve

  24. Cranial Nerves

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