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Earth History GEOL 2110

Earth History GEOL 2110. Stewardship and Sustainability of Earth Resources. Terminology and Definitions. Natural Resources – materials, and energy that occur naturally within the Earth’s spheres. Many are essential for our survival, while others are used for satisfying our wants.

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Earth History GEOL 2110

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  1. Earth History GEOL 2110 Stewardship and Sustainability of Earth Resources

  2. Terminology and Definitions Natural Resources – materials, and energy that occur naturally within the Earth’s spheres. Many are essential for our survival, while others are used for satisfying our wants. • Biological Resources • renewable • recycleable • reuseable • Water Resources • unlimited • recycleable • reuseable Stuff • Mineral Resources • non-renewable • recycleable • reuseable • Wind and Solar • unlimited “Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (1984, United Nations Commission) Stewardship - “administration, management, control, including responsible use of resources” (Oxford English Dictionary Online)

  3. Stewardship of Earth Resources STEWARDSHIP: the individual’s responsibility to manage his life and property with proper regard to the rights of others Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987) Responsible stewardship of mineral resources demands that we make sensible and fair choices of where, how, and when to acquire critical resources we need for today and for the future. Making these choices also requires that we face some other inconvenient truthsabout the earth and our interaction with it.

  4. Inconvenient Truth #1We Use the Earth

  5. Mineral Resources are Necessary in our Modern Lives Computers 26 different elements 66 different minerals Smart Phones National Mining Institute, 2005 From the Minerals Education Coalition

  6. Inconvenient Truth #2If it wasn’t grown, it had to be mined

  7. Inconvenient Truth #3Everything comes from something, but something isn’t everywhere Porphyry Cu deposits in young mountain belts gone

  8. Porphyry Cu Mine, Bagdad, AZ Sulfide Floating Sulfide Flotation Cells Electroplating Copper

  9. Buried too Deep Just Buried

  10. Inconvenient Truth #4Most of the world’s base metal comes from sulfide minerals Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Bornite Cu5FeS4 Chalcocite Cu2S Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8 Sphalerite ZnS Cinnabar HgS Molybdenite MoS2 Cobaltite CoAsS Galena PbS

  11. New Processing Technology for Sulfide Ores NEW – Hydrometallurgy OLD – Smelting

  12. The Challenge – Acid Rock Drainage 2FeS2(s) + 7O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 4SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq)

  13. Inconvenient Truth #5 The western world consumes the most, but mines the least amount of mineral resources

  14. Total Cu Use from Recycling in 2010 36% Data from 2010 USGS Mineral Commodity Summary

  15. COPPER An Important Metal in a Green Economy NW Mining Association, 2009 Cu in a Standard Car with Combustion Engine 43-55 lbs Cu in a Prius- 80 lbs Cu in a Volt - 150 lbs

  16. Inconvenient Truth #6If we don’t mine it here, it will be mined somewhere else....BADLY PGE – Platinum Group Elements Pt– Platinum Pd– Palladium Os– Osmium Ru– Ruthenium Rh– Rhodium Ir- Iridium

  17. Bushveld Complex South Africa Supplying the 70% of the World’s Platinum Merensky Reef, Amplats Mine, Rustenburg, SA Merensky Reef, Eastern Bushveld Complex

  18. Palladium: “The Environmental Metal” Pd Uses

  19. The Stillwater Mine (Montana) Only Precious Metals Mine in the U.S. (owned by Noril’sk Nickel)

  20. Noril’sk, Russia Cu-Ni-PGE Deposits Supplies 60% of the World’s Palladium Sulfide Smelter in Monchegorsk, Russia In 1998, responsible for 50% of SO2 in the northern hemisphere

  21. A Looming Stewardship Question for Minnesotans: When should we develop this immense copper-nickel-precious metal mineral resource?

  22. Sulfur Contamination creating the Cu-Ni-PGE Sulfide Deposits of the Duluth Complex Cu Ni Co Pd + Pt + Au S S

  23. Cu-Ni-PGE Sulfide Deposits of the Duluth Complex Current Exploration Activity Polymet – Northmet Teck American – Mesaba Twin Metals MN – Nokomis, Maturi, Dunka Pit, Birch Lake, Serpentine, Spruce Rd Encampment – South FilsonCr

  24. World Class Ores of the Duluth Complex Compared to other Magmatic Sulfide Deposits, the Duluth Complex is: #1 or 2 in contained Copper #4 in contained PGE #3 in contained Nickel Only the Bushveld, Great Dyke (PGE deposits) and Noril’sk contain more PGE From Peterson, 2010

  25. World Class Scale of the Maturi Deposit Alone Nokomis Maturi Maturi Maturi From Peterson, 2010 and DM press release 12/2012

  26. The Largest UNDEVELOPED Cu-Ni Deposit on Earth Duluth deposits are perceived as low grade. But compared to the source of most of the world’s copper - Porphyry Copper Deposits... …the Duluth Complex ores are HIGHER GRADEwithMORE CONTAINED METALthan nearly all porphyry systems. The largest copper ore deposits in the USA are on this diagram, and the Duluth Complex ores are much larger then all of them. From Peterson, 2010

  27. CONCLUSION: The base and precious metal deposits of the Duluth Complex are a World Class Resource that will be mined …. SOMEDAY Stewardship question - If not now, when?

  28. Next MondayCourse ReviewPrepping for the FinalEH Factoid QuizReturn Old Quizzes andTerm Papers

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