Reforms Passed During the Progressive Era

1. Reforms Passed During the Progressive Era Post Discussion of the Progressives Press Conference

2. What was the Progressive Era? How long did it last? • The period that lasted from 1890 to 1920 (30 years) • A movement of reformers who joined together to improve American society. • Believed they could “investigate, educate and legislate” a societal problem • Social justice movement

3. 7 Things the reformers sought to Change in America • Poverty • Political Corruption • Exploitative business practices (monopolies) • Labor Unrest (bad working conditions) • Environmental Damage (pollution, forests) • Weaknesses in the Democratic System (not everyone could vote) 7. Inequality of African Americans

4. Who Resisted the Reformers and Why? • Many Businesspeople (industrialists) like Carnegie and Rockefeller resisted the reformers • Why?- because they believed that unregulated (by the government) competition brought out the best in people and strengthened the country

5. New Laws and Government Regulation during the Progressive Era

6. THEODORE ROOSEVELT REPUBLICAN Twenty-Sixth President1901-1909 PROGRESSIVISM ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL: THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS The Progressive Era Presidents WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT REPUBLICAN Twenty-Seventh President1909-1913 WOODROW WILSON DEMOCRAT Twenty-Eighth President1913-1921

7. The Rise of Labor Unions in the Progressive Era

8. 1. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

9. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

10. 2. The American Federation of Labor: 1886-the largest Union Samuel Gompers

11. How the AFL Would Help the Workers • Catered to the skilled worker. • Represented workers in matters of national legislation. • Maintained a national strike fund. • Evangelized the cause of unionism. • Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. • Mediated disputes between management and labor. • Pushed for closed shops. Gompers did not include women-thought they were too emotional

12. Homestead Steel Strike (Pennsylvania) (1892) Homestead Steel Works The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers

13. Goals of the Knights of Labor • Eight-hour workday. • Workers’ cooperatives. • Worker-owned factories. • Abolition of child and prison labor. • Increased circulation of greenbacks. • Equal pay for men and women. • Safety codes in the workplace. • Prohibition of contract foreign labor. • Abolition of the National Bank.

14. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

15. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”) • The most feared of the labor unions • Welcomed both men and women • “an injury to one is an injury to all” • Conducted a number of major strikes • Socialist-almost communist

16. “Big Bill” Haywood of theIWW • Purpose: to overthrow Capitalism by force

17. I W W & the Internationale

18. The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big Union

19. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel” • Mary Harris. • Organizer for theUnited MineWorkers. • Founded the SocialDemocratic Party in 1898. • One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

20. A. Labor Rights • Workday limited to 8 hours • By 1912, 75% of states had banned child labor • Minimum wage laws passed for women-to pay them more • Worker’s comp laws • Workers formed and joined unions-AFL-CIO, IWW, Knights of Labor, United Mine Workers, etc. to protect their working rights and working conditions

21. Teddy’s Square Deal • 1902-Teddy helped arbitrate a labor deal between United Mine Workers and the JP Morgan and Industrial leaders • A “Square Deal” for both labor and industrial capitalists (middle way) to both curb abuses of workers but also protect big business-be to fair to all Americans • Teddy’s 3 C’s of his Square Deal-his plan of progressive reform: • Conservation • Control of Corporations • Consumer Protection

22. Workers Benefits Today

23. The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

24. B. Consumer Protection • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

25. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT 1906 The muckrakers successfully heightened public awareness of safety issues stemming from careless food preparation procedures and the increasing incidence of drug addiction from patent medicines. Scientific support came from Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, the Department of Agriculture's chief chemist, who published his findings on the widespread use of harmful preservatives in the meat-packing industry. The experience of American soldiers with so-called “embalmed beef” during the Spanish-American War added impetus to the movement. Public pressure forced a reluctant Congress to consider a Pure Food and Drug bill in 1906. Provisions of the measure included the following: Creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption. The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs. The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs. AN ACT “for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.”

26. MEAT INSPECTION ACT 1906

27. MEAT INSPECTION ACT 1906 “Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Enacted June 30, 1906, as chapter 3913, 34 Stat. 674, and substantially amended by the Wholesome Meat Act 1967 (P.L. 90-201), requires USDA to inspect all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and horses when slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption. The primary goals of the law are to prevent adulterated or misbranded livestock and products from being sold as food, and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. These requirements apply to animals and their products produced and sold within states as well as to imports, which must be inspected under equivalent foreign standards. The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for all meats considered ‘exotic’ at this time, including venison and buffalo.”

28. C. Political Reform • 17th amendment-required US senators to be elected by the people • 19th amendment-gave women the right to vote • Cities reordered/reorganized their local govts, set up mayor-city council govts, others tried commission form of govt-not run by elected officials

29. By 1916 almost all of the major suffrage organizations were united behind the goal of a constitutional amendment. When New York adopted woman suffrage in 1917 and when President Woodrow Wilson changed his position to support an amendment in 1918, the political balance began to shift in favor of the vote for women. On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment, and 2 weeks later, the Senate followed. When Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 18, 1920, the amendment passed its final hurdle of obtaining the agreement of three-fourths of the states. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, and the face of the American electorate changed forever.

30. D. Environmental Regulation-under Teddy Roosevelt • 140 million acres of land became National Forest (Reclamation Service) • Established 5 national parks • Gifford Pinchot-chief of Forest Service

31. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND CONSERVATION TR, AS AN OUTDOORSMAN HIMSELF, SAW HOW PEOPLE COULD DESTROY THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. HE MADE IT A PRIORITY OF HIS PRESIDENCY TO ADVANCE THE CAUSE OF PRESERVING THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE NATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS TR AND JOHN MUIR, FOUNDER OF THE SIERRA CLUB

32. WHY WAS A CONSERVATION MOVEMENT NEEDED? • Over-lumbering had drastically reduced forests throughout the country. It was estimated that only about 20 percent of the original woodlands remained in 1900. • Much of the nation’s farmland had been exhausted by overuse and was losing it productivity. • Extractive industries such as oil, gas, and minerals were uncontrolled and were damaging the environment at a rapid pace with no thought of the consequences. • Water rights were increasingly coming under the control of private parties, who often operated without concern for flood control or the preservation of natural features.

33. OTHER TR CONSERVATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS 150 National Forests 51 Federal Bird Reservations 4 National Game Preserves 5 National Parks 18 National Monuments 24 Reclamation Projects

34. THANK YOU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT!

35. E. Regulation of Industry • Sherman Antitrust Act (1902)-to break up monopolies (TR--“bad trusts”) • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)-strengthened the Sherman act (Wilson) • Federal Reserve Act (1913)-regulated banking (Wilson)

36. WHAT DID TR DO TO BREAK UP THE TRUSTS? TR BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE “BAD TRUSTS” THAT WERE HARMFUL TO THE GENERAL WELFARE THAT NEEDED TO BE BROKEN UP. BUT THERE WERE “GOOD TRUSTS” THAT ACTUALLY BENEFITED THE CONSUMER AND SHOULD BE LEFT ALONE.

37. F. Redistribution of Wealth 1. 16th amendment- established an income tax; required the wealthy to pay taxes

38. Rights for African Americans

39. Booker T. Washington Moral character, patience, education and hard work do more to advance a man than any political rights (Atlanta Compromise Speech) Equality between blacks and whites would come eventually Started the Tuskegee Institute to give former black slaves in 1901 (Freedman) a high-quality education Profundo Christian man who loved the Word of God

40. Harvard university educated W.E.B. DUBOIS disagreed with BOOKER T. WASHINGTON over the tactic of temporarily forgoing equality . instrumental in helping form the national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) in 1909. Led the Niagara Movement-called for equal rights and education for blacks NOW! this group of blacks and white liberals worked for full citizenship and equal opportunity for African Americans. Eventually grew disillusioned, became a Communist and moved to Ghana later in his life W.E.B. DuBOIS

41. Although the reforms improved the lives of many Americans, why did they not go as far as some reformers had wished? • Government control of business was limited • The Jim Crow Laws still remained Still, the Progressive Era saw some of the most wide-ranging reforms in US History