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AGING AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR Kathleen Williams Yu-Kai Chang

AGING AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR Kathleen Williams Yu-Kai Chang. The population of the world is aging. In this chapter,

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AGING AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR Kathleen Williams Yu-Kai Chang

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  1. AGING AND MOTOR BEHAVIOR Kathleen Williams Yu-Kai Chang

  2. The population of the world is aging. In this chapter, • we will explore several behavioral domains that have been observed to change with increased age, including locomotion, balance and falls, strength, and cognition. We will examine the impact of physical activity and inactivity on these changes. • So what do we know about aging and the impact physical activity might have on potential changes?

  3. PHYSICAL CHANGES WITH AGING ---Osteoporosis :A bone disease where there is loss of bone mass, making the bones more porous and fragile. • With increasing age, many people actually do become shorter. • Many people become hunched over as the upper spine becomes more fragile. This condition is called kyphosis,

  4. ---Strength Changes • sarcopenia (Evans, 1995). • we become increasingly sedentary with increased age, resulting in lost strength. Much of our loss in strength is related to a general decline in muscle mass that occurs in older adults.

  5. --- Cardiovascular Changes • That the loss of motor fibers increases the metabolic cost of movement would clearly impact the cardiovascular system. • Postural hypotension is a common condition in older adults. This is a condition that occurs when an individual transitions rapidly from lying to sitting or sitting to standing.

  6. ---Sensory Changes Three of the body’s sensory systems are key contributors to motor capability • Vision • somatosensory sensitivity • vestibular system

  7. ---Cognitive Changes • The process of aging not only result in a decrement of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular function, but also progressive deterioration of the central nervous system which may significantly affect cognitive function (Ferrine & Ferrini, 2000). • These cognitive declines are recognized as major risk factors for loss of independence (Wtgaardm & Albreksten, 1992) and incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease (Wilson et al., 2002).

  8. ---MOBILITY AND BALANCE • Changes with aging including slower walking speed, shorter step length and higher cadence, longer time in double support, as well as a less forceful push off of the rear foot at take off.

  9. § 11.2 HOW CAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IMPACT OUR QUALITY OF LIFE? Compression of morbidity (Spirduso et al., 2005) • That is, as we live longer, can we delay the onset of heart disease, osteoporosis, or arthritis? • a primary means of compressing morbidity is through physical activity.

  10. Cardiovascular Exercise • Physical inactivity clearly increases the incidence of modifiable risk factors like low cardiovascular fitness, hypertension, insulin resistance/glucose tolerance, and obesity. • There is evidence that participating in any physical activity can decrease the incidence of death.

  11. Cardiovascular endurance capacity has been shown to increase • There is evidence that endurance training also can lead to increased bone mineral density in the spine, forearm and femur (Taylor, 2004). • The most common form of cardiovascular activity performed by older adults is walking.

  12. Strength Training • trength training have resulted in a wide range of improvements in many aspects of life for older adults, including maintenance of bone mass, maintenance and improvement in performance of activities of daily living as well as fundamental activities for maintaining independence including balance and locomotion.

  13. These early investigations demonstrate that even very old individuals can improve strength. • many older adults may avoid joining these formal activities due to their lack of knowledge regarding how to train or their fear that they will be unsuccessful if they begin a strength training/fitness regimen.

  14. Balance Training Interventions aimed at leg-strength improvements also result in overall improvements in balance since muscular weakness has been widely associated with poor balance and an increased risk of falls.

  15. Cognition and Physical Activity • It may be one of the lifestyle modifications that can provide a viable and safe approach to reduce cognitive impairments associated with later life (Latutenschlager & Almeida, 2006) as diminished cognitive abilities and risk of dementia with aging is associated with physical inactivity (Rogers, Meyer, & Mortel, 1990). • Physical activity has a low-to-middle positive association with cognition.

  16. Tai Chi Chuan and Other Forms of Exercise • Tai Chi is often included as an activity component in interventions aimed at fall prevention.

  17. § 11.3 SUMMARY • In this chapter, we discussed a range of issues impacting older adults, including those physical changes that may accompany increasing age. In contrast, however, we have tried to focus on how many strength, cardiovascular, or sensory changes may be delayed or denied by maintaining or increasing the amount of physical activity performed by older adults.

  18. It is important to encourage increased physical activity in all elderly adults. It is our job to find ways of getting the inactive to become active as well. The importance of this job will only increase as the number of elderly across the world also increases.

  19. THANKS

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