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Solid Waste Management

Department of G e ology and E nvironment science at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) - represent-. Solid Waste Management. Presented by Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi. -March 2007-.

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Solid Waste Management

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  1. Department of Geology andEnvironment science at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) -represent- Solid Waste Management Presented by Prof. Dr. Samir Afifi -March 2007-

  2. 2- Waste Characterization • 2-Waste Characterization • 2.1 Introduction • 2.2 Waste Generation Rates • 2.3 Waste Composition • 2.4 Waste Trends 1/34

  3. 2- Waste Characterization • Main elements of waste characterization: • Waste sources and types • Waste generation rate • Waste composition 2/34

  4. 2- Waste Characterization Important of waste characterization: It is necessary to monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory, financial, and institutional decisions. 3/34

  5. 2- Waste Characterization 2.1 Waste sources and types There are eight major classifications of solid waste generators based on waste source: Residential, Industrial, Commercial, Institutional, construction and Demolition, Municipal services, Process, and Agricultural. 4/34

  6. 2- Waste Characterization Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.” 5/34

  7. 2- Waste Characterization ContinueTable 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes 6/34 All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

  8. 2- Waste Characterization Continue Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes 7/34 All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.”

  9. 2- Waste Characterization ContinueTable 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes 8/34

  10. 2- Waste Characterization MSW includes: Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, construction, demolition, process, and municipal services. 9/34

  11. 2- Waste Characterization • Some sources are commonly excluded, such as industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal services. • In high income countries, only 25 percent to 35 percent of the overall waste stream is from residential sources. 10/34

  12. 2- Waste Characterization • If municipal waste stream includes construction and demolition waste, the quantity of waste is doubled. 11/34

  13. 2- Waste Characterization • 2.2Waste Generation Rates • Factors Influence Waste Generation Rates: • Socioeconomic development, • Degree of industrialization, • Climate. 12/34

  14. 2- Waste Characterization • Greater the economic wealth and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of solid waste produced • Low income countries have the lowest percentage of urban populations and the lowest waste generation rates, 13/34

  15. 2- Waste Characterization • As GNP increases toward the middle income range, the per capita waste generation rates also increase, 14/34

  16. 2- Waste Characterization Table 2: Current Urban Municipal Solid Waste Generation *Enormous quantities of construction and demolition waste 15/34

  17. 2- Waste Characterization • 2.3 Waste Composition • Factors Influence Waste Composition: • Geographical location, • Standard of living, • Energy source, and • Weather 16/34

  18. 2- Waste Characterization • Percentages based on a weighted average of the compositions for individual countries • Compositions for municipal solid waste based on wet weight • Different definitions and methodologies for determining composition 17/34

  19. 2- Waste Characterization Figure 1: Waste Composition of Low, Middle, and High Income Countries 18/34

  20. 2- Waste Characterization • Conclusion • Low and middle income countries have a high percentage of compostable organic matter (40 to 85%) • Percentage of consumer packaging wastes increases relative to the population’s degree of wealth and urbanization. 19/34

  21. 2- Waste Characterization • Continue Conclusion • Presence of paper, plastic, glass, and metal becomes more prevalent in the waste stream of middle and high income countries. 20/34

  22. 2- Waste Characterization Figure 2: Variations in Waste Generation and Composition 21/34

  23. 2- Waste Characterization 2.4 Waste Trends Figure 3: United States Material Consumption Trends, 1900-89 (millions of tones) 22/34

  24. 2- Waste Characterization • Japan has experienced waste trends comparable to the United States. Waste quantities were rising until 1970, declined temporarily after the 1973 energy crisis, and then rose again slightly. • Since 1990, generation rates have stabilized due to an economic slow-down and the implementation of waste reduction policies. 23/34

  25. 2- Waste Characterization Figure 4: China City Waste Composition 24/34

  26. 2- Waste Characterization • China is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. Consequently, municipal solid waste is increasing in excess of 10 percent per year. 25/34

  27. 2- Waste Characterization • MSW quantities have increased from 1.19 million tones in 1985 to 1.50 million tones in 1993 • Composition shifting towards plastic and paper packaging a reflection of improved living standards. 26/34

  28. 2- Waste Characterization Table 3: 2025 Urban Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation 27/34

  29. 2- Waste Characterization Waste generation rate for low incomecountries increase by approximately 0.2 kg per day Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass, will increase as economies increase 28/34

  30. 2- Waste Characterization Middle income countries should anticipate increase of about 0.3 kg/c.d Overall, waste composition is predicted to become even more variable as the percentage of compostable matter declines, and packaging wastes, especially paper and plastic, increase. 29/34

  31. 2- Waste Characterization Figure 5: Total Waste Quantities and Volumes Generated by Low, Middle and High Income Countries (per day) 30/34

  32. 2- Waste Characterization • MSW Status By 2025: • Urban populations from low and middle income countries will triple their current rate of MSW generation • Low income countries will generate more than twice as much MSW than all of the middle and high income countries 31/34

  33. 2- Waste Characterization • Continue MSW Status By 2025: • Such a dramatic increase will place enormous stress on limited financial resources and inadequate waste management systems. • Per capita MSW generation rate in high income countries is expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the strengthening of waste minimization programs. 32/34

  34. 2- Waste Characterization • Continue MSW Status By 2025: • Overall MSW composition for high income countries is predicted to be relatively stable; • A different trend when comparing waste volume; Average waste densities of 500 kg/m3, 300 kg/m3, and 150 kg/m3 were used to calculate the volume of waste generated for low, medium, and high income 33/34

  35. 2- Waste Characterization • Continue MSW Status By 2025: • Low income countries currently produce the highest quantity of waste on mass basis; high income countries generate the most waste on volumetric basis. • Increase in volume result of paper, plastics, bulky wastes, and other multi-material packaging in high income countries. Low and middle income countries have a larger percentage of high density organic matter and ash residues 34/34

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