fEderalists & REpublicans

1. fEderalists & REpublicans Chapter 6 1789-1816

2. Creating a New Government • A. In 1789, Congress set up the Department of State, the Dept of the Treasury, the Department of War and the Office of the Attorney General. • Washington was President and he chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state. • Alexander Hamilton became the head of the Treasury Department. • General Henry Knox was Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General • Together, they made up the President’s cabinet.

3. Creating a New Government continued • The Judicial Branch • First federal judges were nominated and confirmed. • John Jay was the first chief justice of the US Supreme Court The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791. 1-8 are safeguards to protect individual rights against actions taken by the federal government. Amendment IX states that people have rights other than the ones listed and Amendment X states that any powers not specifically listed as given to the federal government would belong to the states.

4. Financing the Government • It’s 1789 and the country is up and running….but broke. • How can the government raise significant amounts of revenue? • Madison’s Plan vs. Hamilton’s Plan • What are the key issues that separate the two men’s points of view on how to handle the revenue issue?

5. Financing the Government • Madison’s Plan • Tariff of 1789 • Based on taxing imports (5% of value) • Angers Southern planters and they suspect the central government is not interested in their issues Hamilton’s Plan • Supported the tariff, but also believes the government should be able to borrow money to finance the debt. • The government had issued bonds to pay for the war and now Hamilton wants the gov to accept these debts at full value. He thinks this will give people who own the bonds will then have a stake in the success of the new government. • Paying these off will make people more willing to lend money to the government in the future.

6. Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan • Led by Madison • Unfair to farmers and war veterans, many of whom who had sold their bonds to speculators • Most bonds were owned by Northerners, which upset Southerners because most of the taxes (from the tariff, remember?) would come from Southerners. • Madison is afraid of creating a big gap of rich vs. poor

7. Reaching a Deal • Compromise is reached when Madison, Hamilton and Jefferson make a deal: • Madison and Jefferson will use their influence to get Southerners to support Hamilton’s plan • In exchange, the nation’s capital will be relocated to Washington, D.C. • Southerners thought this would help balance the power between the North and the South

8. The Bank of the United States • Now that the country can borrow money to pay the debt (Hamilton’s plan), it needs a bank to do it. • The Bank of the United States is created to • Manage the government’s debts • Issue paper money (bank notes) • Lend money to the gov and individuals • This would create a national currency • Promote trade • Encourage investment • Stimulate economic growth

9. But is the bank legal? • Madison and others oppose the BUS because they think it’s not within the enumerated powers given to Congress in the Constitution (Art I Sec 8) • Southerners again are upset because only the Northerners could afford to buy stock in the bank. • This argument over the legality of the bank makes it all the way to the Supreme Court (McCulloch v. Madison) • The doctrine of “Implied powers” is upheld and it’s found that the bank is legal within the “necessary and proper” clause of Article I, Section 8 • Washington has to decide whether to sign the bill creating the bank that’s been passed by Congress or veto it and he realizes the precedent this will set. • The bank bill is signed into law and its charter will last for 20 years.

10. The Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton is an ardent Federalist and he believes in the right of the government to impose direct taxes on the people. • 1791—Congress, under his leadership, passes a tax on the manufacture of whiskey. • Causes outrage among farmers, particularly in the West. Why? • Discontent brews for years and then in 1794, farmers lead an uprising in western PA • Washington and Hamilton want to assert national authority, so they send out 15,000 troops.

11. The Rise of Political Parties • Begins with a split in Congress over Hamilton’s financial plan • Federalists led by Hamilton • Favor strong national government and a wealthy elite • Manufacturing and trade as basis for the economy • Supported by merchants, bankers, urban workers and eastern farmers. • Democratic-Republicans led by Madison and Jefferson • Agrarianism • Favor states’ rights • Supported by rural South and West • Why did Jefferson think land ownership was so important?

12. Section 2 • Washington’s Foreign Policy • Americans split in their support of the French Revolution • Federalists oppose it because of the violence (executing the king, seizing private property) but Republicans support the fight for liberty. • 1793: France declares war on Britain. The peace treaty signed with France required the US to help defend French holdings in the Caribbean. • US tries to be neutral by issuing a statement that America would be “friendly and impartial” to both Britain and France

13. Jay’s Treaty • Britain begins intercepting ships carrying cargo into French ports. • John Jay sent to negotiate with Britain in an attempt to avoid war with Britain over this issue. • Negotiates Jay’s Treaty • Britain can seize ships but US gets most-favored-nation status. • Very politically unpopular: Congress hates it and public meetings are held to condemn it across the country. • Are the Federalists pro-British? • Does prevent war, however.

14. Pinckney’s Treaty • Spain gets suspicious of Britain and the US forming treaties. (why?) • Thomas Pinckney sent to negotiate with Spain in 1795. • Terms of the treaty • US can navigate the Mississippi • Can deposit goods at New Orleans • Supported by western farmers and the public in general.

15. Westward Expansion • Settlement in the Ohio River valley/ and the land between the Appalachians and Mississippi began to take off. This increases tensions with the Native American groups living there. • Miami tribe • Chief Little Turtle • General Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers leads to the signing of the Treaty of Greenville. • Increases settlement and Ohio becomes a state in 1803

16. Washington Leaves Office • Washington’s Farewell Address (see p. 1068) What’s the main point Washington is making? He issues 3 warnings to the American people. What are they? • Election of 1796 • With Washington not seeking a third term, it’s election time. • John Adams is the Federalist candidate and Thomas Jefferson is the Republicans’ nominee. • Vote in the electoral college was 71-68 • Jay’s Treaty was a big issue in the election.

17. The Quasi-War With France • How does France go from being an ally to having the public pushing for war against them? • France is mad at the US for signing Jay’s Treaty with the British. (why?) • Americans sent to negotiate and improve relations with France: • John Marshall • Charles Pinckney • Elbridge Gerry • The negotiations become known as the XYZ Affair • (see p. 215) • Things escalate as a result and Congress votes to suspend trading with the French and to authorize the capture of French ships • Turns into an undeclared war at sea between the two countries.

18. Quasi-War continued • In 1798 France proposes negotiations. • Outcome is the Convention of 1800 • US won’t try to recover losses to shipping from France. • France lets the US out of the treaty signed in 1778. • What was the impact on domestic politics? • “The War Between the Parties” • Federalists angry at harsh criticisms aimed at them for the Quasi-War and pushed the Alien & Sedition Acts

19. Alien & Sedition Acts • Four separate laws • 3 of them aimed at recent immigrants who tended to vote Republican • Wait 14 years for citizenship (and voting rights) • Pres can deport “dangerous” aliens without trial • 4th law made it a federal crime to say or print anything “false, scandalous and malicious” against the federal government or any officer of the federal government. • Targeted those in the press and effectively took away the ability to criticize public officials.

20. Alien and Sedition Acts continued • The Republicans fight back: • Madison and Jefferson secretly write legislation that gets passed in Kentucky and Virginia known as the VA and KY Resolutions • Key ideas include • Interposition • Nullification • Think about what these are saying and how they will play a role in the country’s future!

21. Election of 1800 • Who’s running? • Adams up for re-election as the Federalist candidate vs. Thomas Jefferson as the Republican candidate • Key election issues • Alien & Sedition Acts • Taxes • National bank • How do we elect a president anyway? What does Article II in the Constitution say? • This election exposes a problem with this system. • How? What happened? • Who won? • Why is this election considered a turning point? See p. 219-220

22. Section 3: Jefferson in Office • Third president of the US (1801-1809) • Elected in the “Revolution of 1800” • Is an anti-Federalist (Republican) so he wants to limit the scope of the national government • Changes the style of the presidency

23. Jefferson and the Supreme Court • Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1801 • Created 16 new federal judge position • Adams had appointed Federalists to fill these positions • Known as the “midnight judges” • Jefferson is not pleased • Judiciary Act gets repealed • Republicans begin targeting Federalist judges for impeachment including Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, who was impeached but not removed from office.

24. Marbury v. Madison • The most important Supreme Court decision ever! • There’s a new chief justice, John Marshall • Ardent Federalist • Wants to redefine the role of the court • Who was Marbury? • Who did he sue? • Why? • Why did the Supreme Court get involved? • What was the outcome of the case? • Why does this case matter so much?

25. Westward Expansion • The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson the agrarian • Napoleon the leader in France. • France has gotten Louisiana back from Spain, which means the return of France to North America. Jefferson is worried… • Also knows that Napoleon is broke and needs money • Robert Livingston sent to negotiate • Outcome is the best real estate deal in history! Total cost: $15 million to double the size of the country

26. Westward Expansion continued • Lewis and Clark’s Expedition • The “corps of Discovery” • Helped by Sacagawea • Follow the Columbia River all the way to the Pacific • Increased knowledge of the Louisiana territory • Becomes the basis for a US claim to the Oregon territory later on • Lewis and Clark aren’t the only ones wandering around in the wilderness… • Zebulon Pike • Pikes Peak • Mapped the Rio Grande • Explored northern Mexico and Texas • Learn much about the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

27. The Essex Junto • New England Federalists feel threatened by the Louisiana Purchase • Why? • Jefferson’s VP Aaron Burr is convinced to run for governor of New York • Plot hatched to take New England out of the union • Becomes known as the Essex Junto • Hamilton vs. Burr • 1807 Burr charged with treason but found not guilty.

28. Jefferson’s woes… • Besides having his VP be a murderer… • Rising international tensions with France and Britain • Economic warfare • impressment • The Chesapeake gets attacked by the British for agreeing to comply with a search • Three Americans killed • Ship forced to surrender • More taken into British custody

29. War? • Jefferson is now desperately trying to avoid war with Britain and/or France. • Doesn’t want to get American tangled up with European problems • Asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 • Terms of the embargo • Bans trade with France or Britain • Ends up hurting America more than the countries it targeted • Hugely unpopular and costing the Republican party support • Gets repealed just before Jefferson leaves office

30. Section 4: War of 1812 • Jefferson decides not to run again in 1808. • Madison nominated as the Republican candidate vs. Charles Pinckney as the Federalist candidate. • Issues in the election were the Embargo of 1807 and the international crisis going on with France and Britain • Should the US get involved in the war? • Economic pressures • How to get Britain to stop seizing US ships? • Congress passes the Non-Intercourse Act which outlaws trade with France and Britain but says the president will reauthorize trade with whichever country lifts its trade restrictions first. • Strategy is to get France and Britain to compete against each other.

31. Economic Pressures continued • That strategy failed, so what to do now? • Next attempt is known as Macon’s Bill Number Two • Reopened trade with both France and Britain but would drop trade with the other for whoever ended its restrictions first. • Napoleon agrees to end trade restrictions but keeps the right to seize ships • Goal was to get Britain to drop its trade restrictions, which doesn’t work, so Congress passes a non-importation act in 1811 blocking trade with Britain. • This strategy eventually works and by 1812 Britain is feeling the economic impact. • Merchants begin to pressure the British government the sanctions, but it’s too little, too late. War is declared anyway.

32. Why war? • Yes, there were major trade issues, but is this really worth fighting a war over? • Most of the people who supported war were in the South and West (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun). This group of influential leaders in Congress became known as the War Hawks. • Why did War Hawks want war? • Farmers hurt more than northern merchants by the trade embargos. • Settlers moving west (past the Treaty of Greenville) blamed the British for backing Native American attacks against the settlers.

33. Why war? continued • Tecumseh and Tippecanoe • Clash between “The Prophet” Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison. • Battle of Tippecanoe • The outcome convinces many Americans that the settlers were right about Britain’s role in attacks. • Is the country even ready for a war? • Few troops • Little equipment • Small navy Madison is persuaded by the War Hawks in Congress and war is declared. Vote splits along regional lines: South and West support war while NE doesn’t support “Mr. Madison’s War”

34. Invasion of Canada • Wait, what? Why Canada? How is it involved? • And how will we pay for a war? • Decision is made to invade Canada from three directions • Initial “battles” are disastrous • Battle on Lake Erie with the British Navy • Troops refusing to fight at Niagra • American forces fare a little better the next year • Commodore Oliver Perry leads a fight on Lake Erie and America gains control. • By 1813, American forces still had not gained any Canadian territory (see map p. 231) • By then Napoleon’s empire has collapsed. This frees up British forces and so more troops can now be sent to fight in America

35. Britain Attacks • Attention had been focused on Canada • Britain sails into the Chesapeake and lands forces outside Washington, D.C. Madison and other leaders are forced to flee and the British burn the White House and Capitol Building • Next British target is Baltimore, MD. • Is better prepared • Ft. McHenry • British retreat & abandon their attack. • Britain then attacks New York from Canada (Montreal). Goal was to gain control of Lake Champlain.

36. War of 1812 continued • The Hartford Convention • Remember the Essex Junto? • All the fighting in New England has made the war even more unpopular • Group meets to see what options they might have for leaving the US or pressuring the US gov to end the war. • The Battle of New Orleans • the British are handed a defeat at New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson became a national hero • The Federalist Party begins to unravel because the war is an American victory and they look unpatriotic for trying to plot to leave the country.

37. The war ends… • Treaty of Ghent • No territory changed hands • Boundaries remained as they had been before the war Oregon Country is jointly claimed for 10 years US-Canadian border is fixed. • So what’s the lasting impact of the war? • Increased nationalistic feelings/patriotism • Increased prestige for America • Increased sense of national unity

38. To review… • Key people • Name the first 4 presidents in order! • Key War Hawk leaders • Who had treaties named after them? • Who do we associate with the Louisiana Purchase? • What can you say about the foreign and domestic policy of the first four presidents? • How did the political party system change during this period? • How did the Supreme Court change during this period?