Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson

1. Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson

2. Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office

3. Republicans Take Charge • Election of 1800 – bad blood during campaign • Federalists • Raised prospect of civil war if Jefferson won • Republicans • Accused John Adams of wanting a monarchy • Electoral votes • Alexander Hamilton • Aaron Burr/Jefferson • Adams/Pickney • Jefferson and Aaron Burr – 73 votes each • House had to vote for president • Deadlocked for 6 days • 36th vote – Jefferson won

4. Result Was The 12th Amendment • Beginning in 1804 • Electoral College would vote separately for president and vice president

5. Jefferson’s Inauguration • First to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. • Believed government should be simple • Walked to his inauguration • Ended the custom of bowing to the president • Used his address by calling for all Republicans and Federalists to unite for the country

6. Jefferson Charts A New Course • First goal to limit the federal government’s power over the states and citizens • Felt that federal government – too involved with economic affairs • Believed in laissez faire - government should not interfere in the economy

7. New Republican Policies • Reduced the number of people in government • Fired all tax collectors • Cut the number of diplomats • Cut the army from 4000 to 2500 • Eliminated all Federal taxes except tariffs • Ended the Sedition Act • Refunded any fines • Released those in prison

8. Federalist Policies Remain Under Jefferson • Believed that the US needed to pay off debt • Did not fire Federalist office holders • Believed that they could keep jobs if they were loyal citizens

9. The Supreme Court/Judicial Review • Adams appointed last hours of power • Judge William Marbury • Aimed at maintaining Federalist power • Jefferson ordered Madison (Secretary of State) to cease work on the appointments • Senate approval needed • Marbury sued Madison citing the Judiciary Act of 1789

10. Marbury VS Madison • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled • Judiciary Act was unconstitutional • Power of Supreme Court came from Constitution not from Congress • Court decided it could not help Marbury gain his commission in the court • SIGNIFICANCE • Established the principle of judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.

11. Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase

12. The Nation Looks West • By 1800 – over a million people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains & the Mississippi River • Mostly farmers/Few roads • Relied on the Mississippi River to ship grain and goods to the world • Spain owned New Orleans • Sometimes threatened to close the port to Americans • Pickney’s Treaty with Spain • Allowed the American’s to use the port of New Orleans • Store grain until it was loaded onto ocean-going ships

13. Problems Arise • 1802 Spanish governor • Withdrew the right for Americans to ship through New Orleans • Farmers were outraged • Went to Jefferson for help • Jefferson was worried • Crisis – Spain secretly gave New Orleans to France

14. Balance Of Power - France • Lost Canada in the Treaty of Paris after the French/Indian War • Left with the large area west of the Mississippi River • Largely unexplored – home only to Native Americans • Left with Haiti – • Home to sugar/slave trade • Revolution led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • Drove the French from Haiti (French colony) • France had looked to the US for help – none came • Napoleon had to send troops to Haiti • No base for France to protect Louisiana

15. Surprise in France • War is looming again between France/Britain • Napoleon Bonaparte needed money / support his army • Set to fight Britain • Set to fight Russia • Tried to invade Egypt • Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French • Robert Livingston, the American minister in Paris • Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston • France offered to sell New Orleans and Louisiana for $15 million

16. Louisiana Purchase • Knew they had to act fast • Would take a long time to get word back to Jefferson • Agreed to the deal • Bargain price • $4 per acre • Millions of acres • Almost doubled the size of the US • Control of the Mississippi River • Full of natural resources

17. Jefferson’s Dilemma • Saw the importance of the purchase BUT • Did the Constitution give the power to the President to buy land from a foreign country?? • Jefferson read and reread the Constitution • Decided that the Constitution allowed him to make treaties and the land purchase could be looked upon as a treaty • Senate approved the “treaty” and voted to pay for the land

18. Lewis and Clark Explore the West • Jefferson convinced Congress to approve $2500 for an expedition to travel west of the Mississippi • Chose two army officers – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead the exploration • Ordered to report back on the geography, plants, animals • Find a waterway between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean • Make contact with the Native Americans – Jefferson wanted peaceful resolution with the Natives

19. Meriwether Lewis William Clark

20. Into The Unknown • Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 • 40 men including French Canadians/1 slave named York • Traveled by 3 boats up the Missouri River to Platte River (Nebraska) • Reached western edge of the Great Plains • Late October – North Dakota territory of the Mandan people • Decided to winter there • Joined by a French trader/Native American wife – Sacagawea • Shoshone Indian • Agreed to travel with them and serve as translator

21. Crossing the Rockies • Set out again in April of 1805 • By summer they reached Montana • August reached the Continental Divide • Place on a continent that separates river systems – flow in opposite directions • Disappointed that they hadn’t reached the Pacific • Instead they were faced with immense ranges of mountains • Met a group of Shoshone Indians – Sacagawea's brother who sold them horses needed to cross mts.

22. At The Pacific • Finally reached the Columbia River • Stopped to build canoes for the downriver voyage • Finally – early November – saw the Pacific • Spent wet/gloomy winter near the Pacific (Portland) • Began journey back in 1806 • Took a half year to return to St. Louis

24. Zebulon Pike’s Expedition • From 1805-1807 Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory • Expedition went due west into the Rockies • Climbed Pike’s Peak – never making it to the top because of deep snow • Returned through New Mexico • Captured by Spanish troops – arrested as spies • Feared that the Americans would want the territory • Released and escorted back to the US • Pike’s report created interest in the area

25. Section 3 A Time of Conflict

26. Barbary States

27. Barbary States North African Coast Morocco Algiers Tunisia Tripoli Wars between Muslims and Christians

28. Defeating the Barbary States • Pirates! • After the Revolutionary War • Arab countries/angry after the Crusades • Raided American/European ships • In the Mediterranean Sea • Took property • Enslaved sailors/held for ransom • Tribute • Countries paid money to these countries to protect their ships • In exchange, rulersleft ships alone

29. Jefferson’s Solution • Paid tribute ($) for awhile then: • Jefferson sent warships to the Mediterranean • to protect American merchant ships • Initial disaster • Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli • Crew of 300 put in prison • Stephen Decatur led 60 sailors and raided the harbor, burning the Philadelphia to keep it away from pirates

30. JeffersonFights Back • Next year • Sent a small force of American marines • Marched 600 miles across the Sahara • Captured Tripoli • Gave US confidence • To deal forcefully with foreign powers

31. More serious threat

32. American Neutrality Is Challenged • Britain and France – At WAR again • US wanted to trade with both – stayed neutral • Part of France/Britain’sstrategy was to cut off the other country’s trade • Between 1803-1807 • France seized 500 American ships • Britain seized 1000. • Britain started to impress sailors again. • American trade was at risk.

33. Embargo!

34. Jefferson Responds With an Embargo • Looked for peaceful solution • Congress passed The Embargo Act in 1807 • Embargo – government order that forbids foreign trade • Jefferson thought it would stop attacks • Results were disastrous • Exports fell from $109 mil to $25 mil • Crop prices declined • Thousands of Americans lost their jobs • Americans were outraged • Turned to smuggling to evade the embargo

35. Embargo gets repealed • Congress repealed the embargo in 1809 • Just before Jefferson left office • Passed a law reopening trade • Less severe • No trade France/Britain until: • They respected American neutrality

36. Tecumseh And the prophet

37. Northwest Territory • Ohio gained statehood in 1803 • More settlers moved into Indiana and west • Impact on Native Americans • Disease killed many • Cleared forests for planting • Drove away deer and other animals – food • Population decreased • Power of their leaders declined

38. New Leaders Take Charge • Shawnee nation – two brothers • Tenskwatawa – the Prophet • Tecumseh • Organized a league of tribes to restore Indian lands • Traveled from Great Lakes to Florida to unite tribes

39. Battle of Tippecanoe • William Henry Harrison • Governor of Indiana Territory • Led 1000 soldiers against Shawnee villages on the Tippecanoe River • Tecumseh was away recruiting • Defeated the Native Americans • Tecumseh’s alliances declines • Tecumseh continued the struggle for next several years • Later will align his forces with the British

40. Native Americans Fight Back Tenskwatawa Tecumseh William Henry Harrison

41. Section 4 The War of 1812 AKA “The Second War of Independence”

42. The Move Toward War • Jefferson decided not to run for a 3rd term • James Madison won the 1808 Presidential Election • Tensions with Britain were high • Americans were angry over impressment • Country’s honor at stake • Sense of Nationalism – pride in one’s country • Nationalists • Henry Clay - Kentucky • John C. Calhoun – South Carolina • Supporters – called War Hawks – those eager for war with Britain • Spring 1812 – British told US – continue impressment • Native Americans began new attacks – support from Britain

43. War Hawks Henry Clay John C Calhoun Kentucky South Carolina

44. War! • Congress declared war on Britain – June 1812 • British – at war with France • Not willing to meet American demands • Used excuse that arming Natives protected Canada • Americans were confident but • Jefferson weakened army with troop cuts • Navy had 16 war ships • British set up a blockade of the coast • By 1814 there were 135 warships blocking American ports • Reinforced troops – able to close all ports

45. First Major Sea Battle • August 1812 – USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerriere • Fierce battle • “Old Ironsides” • Artillery fire seemed to bounce off the 2 ft. thick wooden hull • USS Constitution is currently in Boston Harbor

46. Invasion of Canada - Disaster • War Hawks demanded an invasion of Canada expecting the Canadians to want freedom from Britain, too. • July 1812, General William Hull invaded Canada from Michigan – Hull retreated thinking he didn’t have enough soldiers (panicked) • British General Isaac Brock quickly surrounded Hull and forced him to surrender • Used Native American warriors to help • British captured 2000 Americans – serious defeat

47. Better Results on Lake Erie • Oliver Hazard Perry won a key battle at Put-In-Bay on Lake Erie • Lost his flagship and continued commanding from another ship • Famous quote “We have met the enemy and they are ours” • Gave control to the Americans of the important lake • British were forced to leave Detroit and retreat back to Canada

48. Taking Advantage of Sea Victory • British retreated • William Henry Harrison chased the British back into Canada • Defeated them at Battle of the Thames • Tecumseh among those killed – fighting with the British

49. Conflict in the South • 1813 Creek warriors (with support from Britain) attacked Southern settlements • Andrew Jackson took control • Defeated Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Treaty with the Creeks forced them to give up millions of acres of land

50. Battles of War of 1812 • British finally beat Napoleon – 1814 • Could send more troops to America • Decided to attack the capital • Marched into Washington • Burned the Capitol and the White House • Dolley Madison saved many artifacts • Americans – shocked at the defeat