Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

1. The“Era of Good Feelings”? (1816 -1824) Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Essential Question: What were the major characteristics of the ”Era of Good Feelings? ”

3. The Election of 1816Republicans started to promote economic growth and centralization

4. James Monroe [1816-1824]

5. Sec of State: John Quincy Adams • Secretary of War: John Calhoun • End of the VA Dynasty • Marshall is still chief justice • “Good Will” tour • 1820 only one elector voted against him

6. John Quincy Adams:A bulldog among spaniels!

7. The Convention of 1818

8. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819[“The Transcontinental Treaty”] http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.html & Andrew Jackson’s Invasion Jefferson writes that the Missouri question, "like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union."

9. The West & the NW: 1819-1824

10. US Population Density 1810 1820

11. The American System • Tariff of 1816 • Chartering of the Second Bank of the United States [BUS]. • Internal improvements at federal expense.-National Road Henry Clay,“The GreatCompromiser”

12. One of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands.

13. The American System:The National [Cumberland] Road

14. The Erie Canal • 1817 – 1825. http://www.eriecanal.org/ • 363 miles Albany to Buffalo. "Clinton's Big Ditch" • Much further than any other American or European canal.

15. The Panic of 1819 CAUSES???

16. In 1819, the impressive post- War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until 1824. • The primary cause of the misery seems to have been a change toward more conservative credit policies by the Second Bank of the U.S. (rechartered in 1816). The wary directors viewed with scorn the unconventional practices of many western banks. The B.U.S. called in its loans, forcing the state banks to do likewise. State loans had been made to land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors were wiped out. Conditions were exacerbated by the influx of large quantities of foreign goods into the American market and the slumping cotton market in the South. • Panic of 1819 creates divisions within the Republican Party.

17. The Election of 1820

18. The Compromise of 1820: led by Henry Clay initiated by Jesse Thomas of Illinois (Thomas Amendment)A fire bell in the night! Aka Missouri Compromise http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html

19. The Tallmadge Amendment • All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. • Passed by the House, not in the Senate. • The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate. • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html

20. Latin American Revolution • Success of anti-Spanish revolutions strengthened America’s position in the region • America claimed to be neutral but sold ships and supplies to the revolutionaries • 1822 Monroe is the first to establish diplomatic relationships with 5 new nations (Argentina, Chile, Peru, Columbia, and Mexico)

21. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Referred to as “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine” really written by • JQ Adams. What warning is given to the European countries? Stay out!! What foreign policy principles are established? US will be able to justify involvement in Latin American affairs later Monroe Doctrine What would the US do if the warning was not headed?Hhhmmm…?

22. Monroe Doctrine continued.. • Hoping Latin America would resist foreign intervention (Europe) • US did not want European countries to help Spain regain any lost territory in the Americas • JQ Adams really wanted Cuba and wanted to do what was necessary to prevent Britain from taking it. • Maybe this would help get the US out of a depression • Divert attention away from sectional politics

23. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

24. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC] William H. Crawford[GA]

25. The “Common Man’s”Presidential Candidate

26. The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”

27. The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain” All ran as Democratic-Republicans

28. Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

29. Clay was Speaker of the House. He didn’t like Jackson, and believed that Adams would continue support of the American System. • Clay gets Adams the presidency and Adams makes Clay Secretary of State. (As was Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe….get the picture?)

30. John Quincy Adams Administration (1825-1829)

31. Opposition to John Quincy Adams • Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. • Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds. • Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary. • A national university. • An astronomical observatory. • A naval academy. • Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

32. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html

33. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

34. Why Increased Democratization? • White male suffrage increased • Party nominating committees. • Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. • Spoils system. • Rise of Third Parties. • Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) • Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: • Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) • Democrats (1828)

35. Supreme Court Cases 1819-1824

36. McCullough v Maryland (1819) • At issue in the case was the constitutionality of the act of Congress chartering the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) in 1816. • Although the Bank was controlled by private stockholders, it was the depository of federal funds. In addition, it had the authority to issue notes that, along with the notes of states' banks, circulated as legal tender. In return for its privileged position, the Bank agreed to loan the federal government money in lieu of taxes. • State banks looked on the BUS as a competitor and resented its privileged position. When state banks began to fail in the depression of 1818, they blamed their troubles on the Bank. One such state was Maryland, which imposed a hefty tax on "any bank not chartered within the state." The Bank of the United States was the only bank not chartered within the state. • When the Bank's Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax, Maryland sued James McCulloch, cashier of the branch, for collection of the debt. A state court ruled for Maryland, and the court of appeals affirmed. Supreme Court reviewed the case in 1819. • In a unanimous opinion written by Chief Justice Marshall the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under theNecessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank. • http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_mcculloch.html

37. Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)– Supreme Court can override decisions by State Courts • Johnson v McIntosh (1823) – only the federal government can buy or take land from natives

38. Gibbons v Ogden (1824)– Strengthened power of Congress to regulate trade The dispute in Gibbons concerned competing claims of rival steamship franchises. The state of New York gave Aaron Ogden an exclusive license to operate steamboat ferries between New Jersey and New York City on the Hudson River. Thomas Gibbons, another steamboat operator, ran two ferries along the same route. Ogden sought an injunction against Gibbons in a New York state court, claiming that the state had given him exclusive rights to operate the route. Gibbons claimed he had the right to operate on the route pursuant to a 1793 act of Congress regulating coastal commerce. In the review by the Supreme Court Marshall ruled for Gibbons, holding that New York's exclusive grant to Ogden violated the federal licensing act of 1793. In reaching its decision, the Court interpreted the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution for the first time.

39. Cherokee Nation v GA (1831)– In 1828, the state of Georgia passed a series of laws stripping local Cherokee Indians of their rights. The laws also authorized Cherokee removal from lands sought after by the state. In defense, the Cherokee cited treaties that they had negotiated, as an independent "nation," with the United States, guaranteeing the Cherokee nation both the land and independence. After failed negotiations with President Andrew Jackson and Congress, the Cherokee, under the leadership of John Ross, sought an injunction ("order to stop") at the Supreme Court against Georgia to prevent its carrying out these laws. The Court, in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the case and could not resolve it as the Cherokees were not foreign nations. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_cherokee.html

40. Worcester v Georgia • 1830, Georgia passed another law requiring its citizens to obtain a state license before dwelling inside the Cherokee Nation. A group of missionaries residing there, including Samuel Austin Worcester, refused to obtain such a license. The missionaries were known supporters of Cherokee resistance to Georgia's removal efforts. Worcester and a fellow missionary were indicted by a Georgia court, brought to trial, and convicted. Worcester appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, claiming that the Georgia court lacked authority to convict them. • The Supreme Court's ruling was neither followed by Georgia nor enforced by the U.S. government.

41. Ch 9

42. What were the key issues in 1828?

43. The “Tariff of Abomination”

44. Tariff Battles • Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. • Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. • Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. • Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY. • The South alone was adamantly against it. • As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff. • They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

45. Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

46. Land & Indian Policies • John Quincy Adams: • His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him. • He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward! • He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers. • 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. • The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. • Congress sided with the governor of GA.

47. The 1828 Election • Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY • He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of: • Northern farmers and artisans. • Southern slave owners. • Farmers with small land holdings. • He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party: • Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units. • Mass meetings, parades, picnics. • A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

48. The now-famous Democratic donkey was first associated with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign. His opponents called him a jackass (a donkey), and Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed animal on his campaign posters. Later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol famous.

49. Nast invented another famous symbol—the Republican elephant. In a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled “The Republican Vote.” That's all it took for the elephant to become associated with the Republican Party.

50. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree