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KEY EVENTS IN IRANIAN HISTORY: CAUSE AND EFFECT

KEY EVENTS IN IRANIAN HISTORY: CAUSE AND EFFECT. (TAKE NOTES ON THE HANDOUT). EVENT : 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq. CIA and British intelligence (MI6) worked together to overthrow the popularly elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq. CAUSES : 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq.

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KEY EVENTS IN IRANIAN HISTORY: CAUSE AND EFFECT

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  1. KEY EVENTS IN IRANIAN HISTORY:CAUSE AND EFFECT (TAKE NOTES ON THE HANDOUT)

  2. EVENT: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq • CIA and British intelligence (MI6) worked together to overthrow the popularly elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq

  3. CAUSES: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq • Mossadeq nationalized (government controlling) the Iranian oil industry, shutting out the British oil companies who previously profited from it. • When Britain boycotted (refused to buy) Iranian oil, Iran sold oil to the Soviet Union • These moves made Mossadeq look like a Communist to American President Eisenhower (COLD WAR!) • The CIA and MI6 (British Intelligence) plotted to overthrow Mossadeq • (watch video)

  4. EFFECTS: 1953 CIA coup overthrew Mossadeq • Shah given more power in Iran, but became increasingly paranoid • Shah began a program of modernization and westernization • Shah was allied with the US, and the US supported the Shah • Britain regained access to Iranian oil

  5. Here’s a picture of the Shah having a drink with American President Carter. Think about this image.  What would a devout Muslim in Iran think about it?

  6. EVENT: 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran • Revolution overthrew the Shah and created a new Islamic Republic in Iran • The new political leader in Iran was the Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader (ruled from 1979 to 1989) • The new government was (and still is) a hybrid of a democracy and theocracy (rule by religion)

  7. CAUSES:1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran • (watch video segment) • The Shah used violence, torture, and the SAVAK (secret police) to remain in power • The economy worsened • Many Iranians wanted to return to a democratic government • The Shah’s reforms insulted devout Muslims • Ayatollah Khomeini preached revolution in mosques (the “Cassette Revolution”)

  8. EFFECTS:1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran • Shah fled Iran, took his money with him! • Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran • Iran became an Islamic theocracy, ruled by Sharia Law • The new government was anti-American (“The Great Satan”) and anti-Israeli • Hostage crisis and the Iran-Iraq War

  9. EVENT: 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis • 53 Americans held hostage for 444 days (Nov 4, 1979 to Jan 20, 1981) after the American Embassy was stormed by Islamic students.

  10. CAUSES:1979 Iran Hostage Crisis • Mobs of Iranian students protesting in Tehran • Demanded the return of the Shah and his wealth • Students stormed the US embassy building and took Americans hostage

  11. EFFECTS:1979 Iran Hostage Crisis • Anti-Iranian feeling in US (sale of Iranian flags actually increased!) • President Carter seen as having failed to gain release of hostages • Conservative Republican President Ronald Reagan won 1980 Presidential election in US • Hostages released on Reagan’s inauguration in exchange for $8 billion ($5 billion was used by Iran to pay debts to US anyway) • Khomeini needed money with war against Iraq looming

  12. CAUSES: Iran Iraq War 1980-1988 • Assassination attempt on Iraqi official named Tariq Aziz by a Shiite extremist group backed by Iran named DAWA • Contested rights to waterway called Shatt Al Arab along the border of Iran and Iraq • Saddam hoped to annex, or conquer, a part of Iran where many Arabs lived • But remember… there are deeper, more complicated issues between Iraq and Iran

  13. Ayatollah Khomeini Saddam Hussein

  14. SADDAM HUSSEIN • Modern, western government • Sold oil to US • Secular, laws not based on Koran • Sunni Arab • Known support of terrorists (Abu Nidal) • Wanted to make Iraq the leading state in the Middle East

  15. AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI • Came to power through revolution in 1979 • Shiite Persian • Created Islamic theocracy • Held Americans hostage in US Embassy in Iran for 444 days • Supported Hezbollah, a known terrorist organization which attacked Israel

  16. BOTH, BUT NEITHER! We wanted to see them both weakened! Who would the US support, Iran or Iraq? Once and future Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Iraqi President Saddam Hussein shake hands December 20, 1983 in Baghdad, Iraq. Rumsfeld met with Hussein during the war between Iran and Iraq as an envoy for former US President Ronald Reagan. (Photo by Getty Images) Oliver North formulated part of the plan to sell guns to Contra rebels in Nicaragua to raise money to buy the release of hostages held by terrorists loyal to Iran.

  17. EFFECTS : Iran Iraq War 1980-1988 • Horrific trench warfare, massive casualties (over 1 million) • Allegations of Iraqi use of chemical weapons on both Iranians and Iraqi Kurds • US quietly and secretly supported both sides… • Ended as a stalemate, although Saddam claimed victory (built the “Hands of Victory” monument pictured on right) • Massive war debts for Iraq and Iran

  18. IRAN - IRAQ WAR 1980-88

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