Life in America

1. Life in America After the American Revolution APUSH – Period 3A R. M. Tolles NOW WHAT?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!!?!?

2. America’s First National Government: AOC • The first national government was conceived during the War for Independence. This loosely organized federal government was submitted to the Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified in 1781.

3. The American Revolution... • History of Democracy • Huamurabi's Code • Draconian Laws • Biblical Law: Ten Commandments • The Greeks practiced democracy, people ruled. • The Romans founded a republic where the people elect representatives to vote for them. Roman law was simplified eventually into Justinian Codes.

4. John Locke and Montesquieu John Locke • John Locke, a political philosopher, wrote a book entitled Two Treatises on Government. • In the book, Locke asserted that all people were born with natural rights, including the • right to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that people created governments to • protect their rights. In return, the people agreed to obey the government’s laws. Locke • also asserted that if a government violated people’s rights, the people were justified in • changing the government. Locke’s ideas greatly influenced the American colonists. Baron de Montesquieu • A French philosopher, believed the best way to protect the liberty was to clearly separate the legislative, executive, and judicial functions and assign each to a separate governmental branch. • Known as “separation of powers”

5. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY • Referred to as a republic • Concept: Republicanism • Government authority comes from the peoplewhoelect officials that represent their interests • Encouraged education and sacrifice for the public good

6. Picture/Anthony & Stanton WOMEN'S RIGHTS Oh yeah, this is a side note, but an important one nonetheless • Abigail Adams—1790’s to early 1800’s • Despite their contributions, women’s rights did not progress and would remain 2nd class citizens • Republican motherhood • Concept that a woman’s role was to stay at home and raise the next generation of PATRIOTS. • This was a role to be proud of because a woman’s responsibility was to teach and raise their children REPUBLICANISM.

7. A/C chart ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • It was the first constitution (law of the land) and attempted to create a democratic government based on the ideas of DOI . • Written by 2nd Continental Congress during War and took effect in March 1781… They become known as the Confederation Congress

8. Thirteen Countries? • Each colony became a state. • Each state was really an independent country. • People were loyal to their state, not as one big country. • Each state had its own government. • Considered more important than Confederation Congress • Each state dealt with foreign countries on their own. • Each state made its own money

9. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • State Responsibilities • Obey Articles and acts of Congress • provide funds and troops when “requested” by Congress • States regulated own trade and taxed each other • States had their own currency • Government Structure • Congress--1 branch • Confederation Congress • No executive branch or president… • No judicial system….. • One vote per state regardless of size • Powers of Congress • Make war and peace • make treaties • build navy and army • settle disputes among states • set up monetary system Major Problem: Created a weak national govt that could not tax, regulate trade or enforce its laws because the states held more power than the National Government.

10. Jays The inability of the US to force British troops to leave the forts will be one reason for the War of 1812 British were to remove their troops from US soil…..The National Government under the AOC was powerless to force Great Britain to honor the Treaty of Paris, 1783

11. State Claims to Western Lands

12. A bright spot for the AOC • Land Ordinance 1785 • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Both ordinances provided for the orderly admission of new states to the Union

13. LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 • Grid system was created by Thomas Jefferson… • Structured and organized land policy • Allowed for a peaceful purchase of land. • Promoted an orderly expansion westward.. • Confederation Congress convinced states who claimed land out west to cede their land to the US Govt. • US Govt. was to come up with a fair and reasonable land policy Northwest Territory

14. Land Ordinance LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 Northwest Territory Public Land sold for $1.00 to $2.00 an acre = pay debt Plot #16 was set aside for public education

15. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE Ohio 1ST STEP WHEN PEOPLE FIRST SETTLE IN THE AREA: Congress appoints a governor and three judges to govern the territory 2nd STEP 5,000 FREE ADULT MALES: Landowners elect a congress to make laws and raise taxes with approval of governor. 1 representative is elected to the US Congress who can debate but not vote. 3rd STEP 60,000 SETTLERS: Becomes a state, with its own government and constitution. New states admitted with same rights as the original states. No more than 5 states can carved out of this area. The Northwest Ordinance encouraged ideals of the DOI and republicanism(representative democracy) religious freedom, protection of liberty and property, encouraged education, admitted new states and no slavery.

16. PAY ATTENTION!!!!! • WHY DID THE AOC FAIL?

17. Major Problem Could not tax, regulate trade or enforce its laws because the states held more power than the National Government. Why? Feared a government like King George

18. Call for Change • Small number of people want change • Reasons: • Create a government that can do something! • Fix many of the problems facing the states. • Folks call for a convention in Annapolis Maryland to discuss changes.

19. Annapolis Convention (1786) • Location: Annapolis, Maryland • Only 12 reps from 5 states show. • FAILED

20. Shay’s Rebellion (1787) • Colonists in Mass. angry over high taxes. • Farmer named Daniel Shays leads an armed rebellion. • Congress was not able to raise funds for an army • Wealthy men from Massachusetts finally raise an army and defeats Shay. • This convinces many people the Articles need serious revision.

21. State Constitutions & State Governments • Common aspects • Each state listed the basic rights and freedoms that belonged to all citizens • “unalienable rights” • i.e. jury trial and freedom of religion • Separation of powers • Legislative powers to an elected two-house legislature • Executive powers to an elected governor • Judicial powers to a system of courts • All white males with property could vote • Based on the assumption that property-owners had a larger stake in government than did the poor and property-less • Elected officials higher qualifications than the voters

22. State Constitutions Popular Sovereignty Common Features of State Constitutions • Popular sovereignty was the basis for every new State constitution. • Government can exist and function only with the consent of the governed. • People hold power and are sovereign. • Limited government was a major feature of each State constitution. • Powers delegated to government were granted reluctantly and hedged with many restrictions. Limited Government • In every State it was made clear that the sovereign people held certain rights that the government must respect at all times. • Seven of the new constitutions contained a bill of rights, setting out the “unalienable rights” Civil Rights and Liberties • State governments were purposely divided among three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. • Each branch was given powers with a system of checks and balances. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

23. The Articles of Confederation were intentionally weak in order to protect state & individual liberties But, the inability of the national gov’t to tax & unify the states led to problems like Shays’ Rebellion Confederation Government in New York City

24. In May 1787, 55 delegates held a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to discuss ways to strengthen the national gov’t… …But instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, they replaced it with the Constitution

25. The Constitution was a radical shift from the AOC because it gave more power to the national gov’t than to the state gov’ts The supremacy clause establishes the Constitution (not the states) as the "the supreme law of the land"

26. The national government under the Constitution would have new features & powers that the Articles of Confederation did not have Rather than a single unicameral Congress, the new national government would be divided among three equal branches of government

27. Unlike the AOC, the new gov’t had a president (executive branch) to lead the nation and enforce laws passed by Congress Like the AOC, the gov’t had a Congress (legislative branch) to make laws Unlike the AOC, Congress had the power to tax & coin money Unlike the AOC, the new gov’t had a court system (judicial branch) to interpret laws and prosecute federal crimes

28. Delegates at the Constitutional Convention agreed on some major philosophical ideas for the new national government

29. Popular Sovereignty: the people have power by voting for leaders Limited gov’t: even though the national government was stronger, citizens’ liberty was still protected Federalism: the national gov’t shares power with state gov’ts

31. Separation of powers: three branches with defined powers Checks & balances: each branch can limit the power of the others

32. The delegates at the convention had to negotiate a series of compromises in order to agree on a framework for government Many of these compromises dealt with how representatives would be chosen from the states to serve in Congress

33. Critical Thinking Question A: Large States vs. Small States

34. The large states supported the Virginia Plan which proposed adding a president to lead the nation and a bicameral congress in which larger states have more representatives The small states supported the aNew Jersey Plan which called for a unicameral congress in which states are equally represented just like the AOC

35. The Great Compromise resolved the differences between the large & small states by creating a bicameral Congress In the Senate each state has 2 reps who serve 6-year terms In the House of Representatives, the number of reps is determined by each state’s population

36. Northern & Southern states could not agree whether or not to count slaves towards population size If slaves are counted, Southern states would have more votes and power in the House of Representatives The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed states to count three of every five slaves toward taxation and population size

37. James Madison negotiated and wrote much of the framework of the new government and is referred to as the “father of the Constitution”