Sentences--Review

1. Sentences--Review AP Lang Valley High School

2. Telegraphic (<5 words) • Medium (about 18 words) • Long (30 words +)

3. Introductory phrases • Participial phrase: • Begin with a present or past participle (daydreaming about summer, exhausted from writing) • Daydreaming about summer, I missed the assignment. • Exhausted from writing, Alan slept through his alarm. • Infinitive phrase • Begin with an infinitive (to +verb) • To write well, students must practice sentence variety. • Prepositional phrase • Begin with prepositions (in, on, at, beside, under, etc.) • In my pajamas, I completed this assignment.

4. Sentence types: • Compound sentence—comma, coordinating conjunction • Remember FANBOYS • Barbara finished her essay early, yet she forgot to submit it to Turnitin. • Compound sentence—semicolon, no conjunction • Join two closely related ideas • Bruno made vocabulary flashcards; he aced his vocabulary quiz. • Compound sentence with explanatory statement (clauses separated by colon) • Used to provide clarity through an explanatory statement • Remember the following writing tip: omit needless words.

5. Sentence types: • Complex sentence—one or more dependent clauses joined to an independent clause • A dependent clause will begin with a subordinating conjunction (after, when, because, although, while, etc.) OR a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, whose, etc.) • Since we wanted to see Josh Grobansing, we purchased tickets. • Kaylee bought tickets to the concert because she wanted to celebrate her birthday with Josh Groban. • I can’t believe that she met Josh backstage. • Compound-Complex sentence—one compound sentence joined to a complex sentence • Loni submitted her paper to Turnitin, but she forgot to check her email for a submission receipt before she want to class.

6. Appositives & Modifiers: • An introductory series of appositives (with a dash and a summarizing subject) • Spirit days, a parade, powderpuff football—these activities signal Homecoming at Valley. • An internal series of appositives or modifiers (enclosed by a pair of dashes [dramatic] or parentheses [whisper]) • The errors that appeared frequently in early papers—passive voice, pronoun agreement, run-on sentences—had almost disappeared by the end of the semester. • Emphatic appositive at the end (after a colon or dash) • My original draft contained one repeated note: eliminate second person. • I could think of only one method to improve my vocabulary—study.

7. Sentence Variety: • Loose (cumulative) sentence • a basic statement with a string of details added to it • Education has no equal in opening minds, instilling values, and creating opportunities. • The former palace had been ravaged by two world wars, the neglect of its indifferent neighbors, and the harsh weather conditions of the northern coast.  • Periodic sentence • additional details are placed before the basic statement • In opening minds, instilling values, and creating opportunities, education has no equal. • With pristine beaches, sun-drenched days enhanced by the heady aroma of tropical flowers, and glorious, breathtaking sunsets, Aruba is a vacationer’s paradise • The hotel, through the addition of a state-of-the art fitness spa, extensive advertising, and weekend specials, has greatly expanded its customer base.

8. Sentence Variety: • Parallel sentence • Grammatical/structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence • In the last minute of the game, John intercepted the football, evaded the tacklers, and scored a touchdown. • Balanced sentence • two parallel elements set off against each other like equal weights on a scale • One studies in order to learn, but one learns in order to live.