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THE CITY. Nicole Carrera Alessandra Mosquera. Aspects to be covered. The city Origins Geography History Distinction between cities and towns Global cities 21st century. THE CITY.
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THE CITY Nicole Carrera Alessandra Mosquera
Aspectstobecovered • Thecity • Origins • Geography • History • Distinctionbetweencities and towns • Global cities • 21st century
THE CITY A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement.They have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law, generally complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.
ORIGINS • There is insufficient evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities. Some theorists, however, have speculated on what they consider appropriate pre-conditions, and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces.
AGRICULTURAL PRIMACY The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution. TheNeolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development.
URBAN PRIMACY Theorist Jane Jacobs claims that city-formation preceded the birth of agriculture though offers no support for this theory. Unfortunately, Jacobs does not lend her theory to any reasonably strict definition of a city, but her account suggestively or vaguely contrasts what could be thought of as primitive city-like activity to the activity occurring in neighboring hunter-gatherer settlements.
GEOGRAPHY The most commonly seen pattern is the grid. Grid plans were popular among planners in the 19th century, particularly after the redesign of Paris. They cut through the meandering, organic streets that followed old paths. Other forms may include a radial structure, in which main roads converge on a central point. This was often a historic form, the effect of successive growth over long time with concentric traces of town walls and citadels.
ANCIENT TIMES Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. Mesopotamia can claim the earliest cities, itisthe largest Neolithic site found to date. The Indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions. In the ancient Americas, early urban traditions developed in the Andes and Mesoamerica. Theories that attempt to explain ancient urbanism by a single factor, such as economic benefit, fail to capture the range of variation documented by archaeologists. The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry.
MIDDLE AGES During the European Middle Ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community. • In Continental Europe cities with a legislature of their own were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the Holy Roman Empire some cities had no other lord than the emperor.
EARLY MODERN While the city-states, or poleis, of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism.
INDUSTRIAL AGE The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. The invention of railroads reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas. However, cities during those periods of time were deadly places to live in, due to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases.
DISTINCTION BETWEENCITIES AND TOWNS The difference between towns and citiesisdifferentlyunderstood in differentparts of theworld. Indeed, somelanguagesotherthanEnglish use a single wordforbothconcepts. In British English, city is reserved for very large settlements and smaller historic settlements with a Cathedral, while smaller settlements without a Cathedral are called towns, and smaller still are villages and hamlets. In the US city is used for much smaller settlements. And the word “town” (also “downtown”) may mean the center f the city.
GLOBAL CITIES A global city, also known as a world city, is a prominent centre of trade, banking, finance, innovation, and markets. The term global city is heavily influenced by economic factors and, thus, may not account for places that are otherwise significant. The term "global city", as opposed to megacity, was coined by SaskiaSassen in a seminal 1991 work.
21ST CENTURY Knowledge-based development of cities, globalization of innovation networks, and broadband services are driving forces of a new city planning paradigm towards intelligent cities. Smart cities use technology and communication to create more efficient agglomerations in terms of competitiveness, innovation, environment, energy, utilities, governance, and delivery of services to the citizen.
CONCLUSION • Finally we can say that the city is an urban area with high population density which is dominated mainly by industry and services. • It differs from other urban institutions by variousstandars, which include population, population density, geography or legal status, although their distinction varies between countries. • Alltheseaspects are beingmodified over the history of human beingsdmakingcitiesthemostimportantexpression of themankind.
