Decline of Ottoman and Qing Empires & 19 th Century Japan

1. Decline of Ottoman and Qing Empires & 19th Century Japan Chapters 26 and (partial) 27

2. Decline of Ottoman Empire (OE) • In the late 19thc., the OE, now small, weak, and in debt, became known as the “Sick Man of Europe” • Threats from Russia and Austria resulted in territorial losses • Because of  instability, independence movements also because it is a multinational empire • A shift from land to sea routes hurt the OE economically, as Eur. traded directly with Asia and cut out the Muslim/OE middleman

3. Decline of Ottoman Empire (OE) • British and French influence did slow the decline • Fearful that the collapse of the OE would strengthen the Russian Empire, Britain and France lent economic support to the sultans and tried to maintain the balance of power • By 1900, smaller, considerably weaker, and in debt, the OE launched a series of unsuccessful reforms to save the empire

4. Muhammad Ali • Emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798 • Although Egypt was theoretically part of the OE, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent Ali from establishing an autonomous state • Provided evidence of a weakened state of the OE • Modernized the nation by focusing on the military and industrialization

5. Armenian Genocide • The massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians by the Ottoman Turks • As the Ottomans attempted to reform society in the hope of preventing the empire’s collapse, nationalism increased • With  in nationalism, the govt. (which had been tolerant of other religions/ethnic groups) began to distrust citizens • In the 1890’s, Turks targeted Christian Armenians believing they were supporting Russia and not loyal to the empire • Genocide ensued…millions of Armenians killed over a 25-year period

6. The Ottoman Empire in the late 18th Century

7. Opium War: Causes • Conflict b/t Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China • China maintained a favorable balance of trade • Europeans demanded Chinese goods inc. silk and tea and paid for these products in silver • In the late 1700’s, the British East India Company began importing opium into China, where they traded it for silver and thus threatened the trade balance • In 1839, Chinese govt. official Lin Zexu ordered the confiscation and destruction of opium • British response=military action against the Chinese

8. Opium War: Results • Britain’s superior military led to a decisive victory over the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties • Treaty of Nanjing: • Required China to pay for the cost of the war and the cost of the destroyed opium • China was forced to open additional ports to foreign trade • China was forced to give up Hong Kong to Britain and grant British citizens extraterritoriality • Treaty results: weakened China economically and other foreign countries took advantage of China’s weakened state and est. their own sphere of influence there

9. Opium War: Results • The sustained presence of foreigners in the nation led to conflict within China • Chinese nationalists blamed the government for the presence of foreigners in the country • In the second half of the 19thc., Chinese nationalism increased as groups worked

10. Taiping Rebellion (1850s-1860s) • Rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened Qing dynasty • The Taiping offered a new vision of China that inc. redistribution of land, public education, and rights for women • Successful in gaining supporters but ended unsuccessfully and with a huge loss of life • but did cause Qing to make reforms such as Self-Strengthening Movement • Qing organized powerful army and had support of scholar-gentry

11. Self-Strengthening Movement • Qing reforms enacted as a direct result of the Taiping Rebellion • Focused on the introduction of Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation • Reform had limited success • China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought

12. Spheres of Influence • An area of economic influence/control • Est. in China in 19thc. • At first, foreigners took advantage of a weakened China and seized control of China’s tributary states (e.g., France took control of Vietnam in 1885) • Eventually, western nations gained exclusive trading rights within China • Nations including Germany and France • Chinese response inc. rise in nationalism and internal rebellions, e.g. Boxer Rebellion

13. Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) • Internal rebellion led by a group known as Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence • Boxers had imperial support • Actions inc. attacking and killing foreigners and Chinese Christians • Quickly put down by foreign forces • Allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from Qing • China had to pay for damages to foreign-held property • Rebellion further weakened ruling family

14. Fall of the Qing • Despite attempts at reform, unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions left ruling family weak • 1911: revolution broke out in China • Nationalism had been increasing • After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi, nation was poised for revolution • In 1912, Qing ruler abdicated and Chinese nationalists called for new government • Sun Yat-sen, revolutionary leader, envisioned a China free of foreigners and was poised to take control

15. China During the Qing Era

16. Opening of Japan • After 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan forced to open doors to world after U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived • Perry arrived in 1853, and under orders of U.S. president, requested Japan open to foreign trade • U.S. wanted new markets for industrialization and Japan offered new economic opportunities • Treaty of Kanagawa: signed by U.S. and Japan & opened Japan to foreign trade • Major result: Japan on fast track to modernization

17. Meiji Restoration • After Japan ended isolation, rebellion led to the overthrow of the shogun and was replaced by an emperor • Initiated a series of social, economic, and political reforms • Centralized govt. was established with a new constitution, two-house system, and emperor retained most control • Fearful that Japan would have same fate as China, Meiji reformers sought to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing western ideas

18. Meiji Restoration • Japanese economy quickly industrialized with support of govt. • Built factories, railroads and banks • Modernized army and navy • Improved health care and education system • Modernization began quickly and by 1900 began to follow a foreign policy of empire building that would lead to conflict with its neighbors in the region • Will attempt to establish global power

19. Russo-Japanese War • Conflict b/t Russia and Japan for control over parts of Korea and Manchuria • Japan’s victory over China surprised and worried Russians who had imperial hopes of controlling Korea and Manchuria • In 1904, Japan attacked Port Arthur, a Russian port in southern Manchuria and then Korea • Russia and Japan battled on both land and sea • Japan victorious

20. Russo-Japanese War • Under the Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia gave their largest island in the Pacific and their lease to Port Arthur to Japan • Also gave up claim to Manchuria • Korea was named part of Japan’s sphere of influence • Russia’s defeat in East Asia marked the first time an Eastern power had won a decisive victory over a Western one • Paved the way for Japan to be the premier empire builder in Asia

21. Russo-Japanese War