I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria

1. I. Prokaryote Domains: Archaea and Bacteria A. Evidence of early divergence 1. Archaea: are the “ancient” bacteria 2. Bacteria (Eubacteria): are the “modern” bacteria 3. Domain Eukarya: appears to have diverged from Archaea (after Bacteria) - also possible that first eukaryote was fusion of Archaea and Bacteria

2. B. Differences between Archaea and Bacteria Archaea have as much in common with Eukaryotes as with Bacteria

3. II. Characteristics of Prokaryotes A. Shape 1. cocci a. streptococcus b. staphylococcus 2. bacilli

4. 3. spiral a. vibrios (comma-shaped) b. spirilla (helical and short) c. spirochetes (longer and flexible)

5. B. Structure 1. cell wall a. maintains cell shape and provides protection b. but may not prevent water loss c. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane - the lipids may cause toxicity

6. B. Structure 1. cell wall a. maintains cell shape and provides protection b. but may not prevent water loss c. may be encased in lipopolysaccharide membrane - the lipids may cause toxicity d. gram (-): has the membrane e. gram (+): lacks the membrane

7. 2. pili a. surface adhesion b. adhesion to other bacteria c. sex pili - conjugation

8. 3. circular DNA (single chromosome) - maybe plasmids also 4. flagella - simpler than eukaryotic ones

9. C. Reproduction 1. binary fission

10. C. Reproduction 1. binary fission 2. conjugation a. plasmid transfer b. replicated and passed through sex pilus c. used to pass on useful traits

12. 3. endospores - anthrax, botulism

13. D. Differences from eukaryotes 1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles) 2. small size 3. usually just unicellular - sometimes cooperate metabolically

14. D. Differences from eukaryotes 1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles) 2. small size 3. usually just unicellular - sometimes cooperate metabolically - biofilms (surface-coating colonies)

15. D. Differences from eukaryotes 1. no true internal compartmentalization (organelles) 2. small size 3. usually just unicellular - sometimes cooperate metabolically - biofilms (surface-coating colonies) 4. no rod-shaped chromosomes

16. D. Differences from eukaryotes (cont’d) 5. binary fission vs. mitosis 6. simpler flagella 7. metabolic diversity a. autotrophs - photoautotrophs (get C from air) - chemoautotrophs (also get C from air) b. heterotrophs - photoheterotrophs (get C from organic compounds) - chemoheterotrophs (similar to animals)

17. III. Types of Prokaryotes A. Archaea 1. extreme halophiles - extreme salinity (5x’s that of seawater) 2. extreme thermophiles - even at or above boiling - thermoacidophiles

18. 3. methanogens - anaerobic - swamp gas (bubbles up from mud) - cow gas

19. 4. many also live in less harsh environments - ocean (especially deep)

20. B. Bacteria 1. proteobacteria a. large group containing gram(-) bacteria b. N2-fixers c. animal gut bacteria 2. chlamydias - urethritis (STD) - blindness

21. 3. spirochetes - syphilis

22. 3. spirochetes - syphilis - Lyme disease

23. 4. gram-positives a. staph and strep (typically) b. many soil decomposers c. mycoplasmas - 2 million pneumonias/year US

24. 5. cyanobacteria a. oxygen-producing photosynthesis b. major food source for aquatic/marine ecosystems c. probably responsible for the initial production of O2 on earth

25. F. Diseases (Section 16.8) 1. attack with white blood cells

26. F. Diseases 1. attack with white blood cells 2. antibiotics - resistant strains (13.15)

27. IV. Viruses - not alive