Current research in ecotoxicity and ROS-effect modelling

1. Current research in ecotoxicity and ROS-effect modelling Bas Kooijman Dept theoretical biology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Bas@bio.vu.nl http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/ Aix, 2009/11/25

2. Free radicals  Aging 6.1c • Aging results from damage by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Gerschman 1954 • link with DEB model via dioxygen consumption & metabolic activity • Aging is binary in unicellulars, and gradual in multicellulars • age-affected cells no longer divide • Typical aging only occurs in multicellulars with irreversible cell differentiation • that have post-mitotic tissues • Induction of damage inducing compounds  dioxygen consumption • contribution from assimilation is not included • because of more local occurrence in organism • Empirical evidence points to acceleration of aging • Damage inducing compounds generate • damage inducing compounds • damage compounds; hazard rate  density of damage compounds • Some chemical compounds (e.g. RNS) and -radiation can stimulate aging

3. energetics Free radicals and ageing 6.1d feeding growth Respiration free radicals (internally generated) maintenance Oxidative damage tumour induction survival

4. Aging in DEB3 6.1g

5. Aging: sex differentiation 6.1i survival prob body weight, g time, d time, d Differences in aging between sexes are caused by differences in g Data on Daphnia magna: MacArthur & Baillie 1929

6. Aging: endotherms & feeding 6.1l feeding level 1 body weight, g embryo weight, g 0.75 0.44 time, d time, d 0.44 survival prob • Life span • hardly depends on food in ecotherms • decreases for increasing food in endotherms 0.75 1 time, d Data: Weindruch et al 1986 MacDowell et al 1927

7. Aging in DEB3 6.1.1

8. Aging module of DEB theory 6.1.1a

9. Aging: growing ectotherms 6.1.1d survival prob body weight, g time, d time, d Weibull with shape 3 fits ectothermic survival well, even if growth period not small relative to life span Data: Slob & Janse 1988

10. Aging among species 8.2.2n Right whale slope 1/3, 1/5 Ricklefs & Finch 1995 • Conclusion for life span • hardly depends on max body size of ectotherms • increases with length in endotherms

11. assimilation  maintenance costs defecation feeding food faeces growth costs assimilation reproduction costs reserve  hazard to embryo somatic maintenance  7 maturity maintenance  1-  maint tumour induction 6 maturation reproduction u endocr. disruption growth 7  lethal effects: hazard rate Mode of action affects translation to pop level 8 maturity offspring structure tumour 6 Modes of action of toxicants 6.5d

12. Effect on survival 6.5.3e Effects of Dieldrin on survival of Poecilia killing rate 0.038 l g-1 d-1 elimination rate 0.712 d-1 NEC 4.49 g l-1

13. 200 65 180 60 160 55 140 50 120 45 cumulative offspring per female 100 body length 40 80 35 60 30 40 25 20 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 time time Decrease in assimilation 6.5.4asomatic maint coeff = maturity maint coeff Acrobeloides nanus Pentachlorobenzene Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006) Fit: Jager

14. TPT body length cumulative offspring time time Increase in maintenance costs 6.5.4c Folsomia candida Tri-Phenyl-Tin Jager et al. (2004)

15. 180 65 160 60 140 55 120 50 100 cumulative offspring per female 45 80 body length 40 60 35 40 30 20 25 0 20 0 5 10 15 20 15 time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time Increase cost for structure 6.5.4d Acrobeloides nanus Cadmium Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006) Fit: Jager

16. 180 65 60 160 55 140 50 120 45 100 cumulative offspring per female body length 40 80 35 60 30 40 25 20 20 0 15 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time time Increase cost for structure 6.5.4e Decrease in maturity maintenance Acrobeloides nanus Cadmium Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006) Fit: Jager

17. 65 180 60 160 55 140 50 120 45 100 cumulative offspring per female body length 40 80 35 60 30 40 25 20 20 15 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 time time Increase cost for structure 6.5.4fDecrease in maturity maintenanceIncrease of ageing Acrobeloides nanus Cadmium Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006) Fit: Jager

18. Pentachlorobenzene body length cumulative offspring time time Increase in cost for structure 6.5.4g Caenorhabditis elegans Alda Álvarez et al. (2006)

19. indirect effects Effects on reproduction 6.5.4i mg L-1 0, 320 assimilation 560 1000 cum # offspring/♀ Phenol on Daphnia magna at 20°C 1800 3200 direct effects maintenance cost/offspring cum # offspring/♀ growth hazard cum # offspring/♀ time, d time, d

20. Direct effect on reproduction 6.5.4j g Cd/l 0 0.2 0.4 cum. # young/female 0.8 1 2 Effect on hazard NEC = 0.023 g Cd/l time, d

21. Chlorpyrifos body length cumulative offspring time time Increase in cost for offspring 6.5.4l Folsomia candida Jager et al. (2007)

22. time (days) Toxicants affect ageing 6.5.6d Folsomia candida cadmium time (days) Jager et al. (2004)

23. Effect on survival for mixture 6.5.7 Model for survival in time for a binary mixture: 8 parameters in total using data for all observation times control mortality rate, interaction parameter 2  (NEC, killing rate, elimination rate) Model tested for 6 binary mixtures of metals (Cu, Cd, Pb & Zn) on Folsomia candida (Collembola) Survival measurements daily for 21 days 6  6 concentrations 22  6  6 = 792 data points for each mixture

24. Cd & Cu  survival of Folsomia 6.5.7a Interaction Cu,Cd, Pb, Zn: Cu & Pb: slightly antagonistic Other combinations: nill Folsomia candida Data: Bart van Houte Theory: Bas Kooijman Fit: Jan Baas Movie: Jorn Bruggeman

25. Population effects can depend on food density 6.5.8a 3,4-dichloroaniline direct effect on reproduction potassium metavanadate effect on maintenance Population growth of rotifer Brachionus rubens at 20˚C for different algal concentrations

26. Food intake at carrying capacity 6.5.8b metavanadate sodium bromide 2,6-dimethylquinoline 103 cells/daphnid.d log mg Br/l log mg DMQ/l log mg V/l potassium dichromate colchicine 9-aminoacridine 103 cells/daphnid.d log mg AA/l log mg Col/l log mg K2Cr2O7/l