Effective Persuasion

1. Effective Persuasion Developing Persuasive Documents

2. Overview This presentation will cover: • The persuasive context • The role of the audience • What to research and cite • How to establish your credibility

3. What is Persuasive Writing? Definition: persuasive writing… seeks to convince its readers to embrace the point-of-view presented by appealing to the audience’s reason and understanding through argument and/or entreaty.

4. Persuasive Genres You encounter persuasion every day. • TV Commercials • Letters to the Editor • Junk mail • Magazine ads • College brochures Can you think of other persuasive contexts?

5. Steps for Effective Persuasion • Understand your audience • Support your opinion • Know the various sides of your issue • Respectfully address other points of view • Find common ground with your audience • Establish your credibility

6. When to Persuade an Audience • Your organization needs funding for a project • Your boss wants you to make recommendations for a course of action • You need to shift someone’s current point of view to build common ground so action can be taken

7. Understanding Your Audience • Who is your audience? • What beliefs do they hold about the topic? • What disagreements might arise between you and your audience? • How can you refute counterarguments with respect?

8. Understanding Your Audience What concerns does your audience face? For example: • Do they have limited funds to distribute? • Do they feel the topic directly affects them? • How much time do they have to consider your document?

9. Understanding Your Audience • Help your audience relate to your topic • Appeal to their hearts as well as their minds. • Use anecdotes when appropriate • Paint your topic in with plenty of detail • Involve the reader’s senses in these sections

10. Researching an Issue • Become familiar with all sides of an issue. -find common ground -understand the history of the topic -predict the counterarguments your audience might make -find strong support for your own perspective

11. Researching an Issue • Find common ground with your audience For example: Point of Opposition: You might support a war, whereas your audience might not. Common ground: Both sides want to see their troops come home.

12. Researching an Issue • Predict counterarguments Example: Your Argument: Organic produce from local Farmers’ Markets is better than store-bought produce. The Opposition: Organic produce is too expensive.

13. Researching an Issue One Possible Counterargument: Organic produce is higher in nutritional value than store-bought produce and is also free of pesticides, making it a better value. Also, store-bought produce travels thousands of miles, and the cost of gasoline affects the prices of food on supermarket shelves.

14. Support Your Perspective • Appeal to the audience’s reason • Use statistics and reputable studies • Cite experts on the topic • Do they back up what you say? • Do they refute the other side?

15. Cite Sources with Some Clout • Which source would a reader find more credible? • The New York Times • http://www.myopinion.com • Which person would a reader be more likely to believe? • Joe Smith from Fort Wayne, IN • Dr. Susan Worth, Prof. of Criminology at Purdue University

16. Establish Credibility • Cite credible sources • Cite sources correctly and thoroughly • Use professional language (and design) • Edit out all errors

17. Cite Sources Ethically Don’t misrepresent a quote or leave out important information. Misquote: “Crime rates were down by 2002,” according to Dr. Smith. Actualquote: “Crime rates were down by 2002, but steadily began climbing again a year later,” said to Dr. Smith.

18. Tactics to Avoid • Don’t lecture or talk down to your audience • Don’t make threats or “bully” your reader • Don’t employ guilt trips • Be careful if using the second person, “you”

19. Have More Questions? • Visit us at the Writing Lab • Heavilon Hall 226 • 4-3723 • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/writinglab • Visit us online at the OWL • http://owl.english.purdue.edu

20. Now… what do I do? Research Paper methodology

21. Methodology ORGANIZE your notes as you go. Color is great! Assign a color to a source. Take notes in that color and write citations in that color. FIND sources DECIDE what you think. SYNTHESIZE your thoughts and sources. FORM a thesis.

22. Methodology Form an outline. Decide on your strategy for organization. Multiple drafts. Write a bit, then ask a question, don’t waste time rewriting the exact same information over and over. Write in sections according to outline. Ask opinions. Let people read your writing. Fill the holes. Let people ask questions. Do MORE research when you have those opinions in order to address holes in your research!

23. Methodology Keep track of sources all the way through your research in MLA format. USE COLOR! NOTES – write down where you found info, works referenced/research log OUTLINE – write down what you used DRAFTS - in text citations FINAL – DON’T use color on the best copy.

24. USE COLOR!!! Colorful Notes – Each source is assigned a color, notes are taken in that color, source citation is written in correct format on the first page of the notes for that source. Keep track of what page you are on. When you change source, Change color and Write the new source citation in the correct Format. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Hobbit. New York: Ballentine, 1937. Gloin tells Bilbo that he can call himself an “expert treasure hunter” instead of a “burglar” in order to make Bilbo feel better about the Situation and his own image of himself. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. NewYork: Ballentine, 1942. Frodo tells Bilbo that he “lost” the ring in order to make Bilbo feel better about not having it, while not destroying Bilbo with the truth. This protects Bilbo’s image and confidence.

25. RUBRIC OUTLINE Thesis is its own section of the outline. Should be sophisticated : multiple views in one section/paragraph Color coded by source Revised organization – order should be appropriate for purpose Thorough, including thesis and topic sentences Your thoughts should be evident, not just topic *Quotes should be included

26. RUBRIC Drafts – Work in sections according to outline. Each section must be peer edited. Do not move forward without teacher approval. Make sure to check at each stage if more research is needed

27. RUBRIC After the outline and drafts are completed, TYPE your paper in MLA format. If you use Easybib or Noodle tools, you will have to change the format. It is not automatic. ALSO… GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) Turn an electronic copy in by email.

28. Helpful Research Information What do professional researchers do?: http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/historical-research-checklist/ http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/dos-and-donts/ http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/written-items-checklist/ http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/printed-items/ http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/