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Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure

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Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure

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    1. Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure Starting X-bar theory

    2. Flat Structure NP?(D) (AP+) N (PP+)

    3. Flat Structure I bought the big [book of poems] with the red cover not the small [one] with the blue cover.

    4. Flat Structure I bought the big [book of poems with the blue cover] not the small [one].

    5. Flat Structure I bought this [big book of poems with the red cover] not that [one].

    6. N Structure

    7. N rules NP ? (D) N N ? (AP) N or N (PP) N ? N (PP)

    8. One-Replacement

    9. One replacement

    10. Flat Structure in VPs VP? (AP+) V (NP) (AP+) (PP+)

    11. John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary [does so too].

    12. John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary frequently [does so too].

    13. John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary rarely [does so] in the library.

    14. John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary rarely [does so] quietly in the library.

    15. V Structure

    16. V rules VP ? V (a vacuous rule) V ? (AP) V or V ({AP/PP}) V ? V (NP)

    17. Do so replacement

    19. Further Evidence for V

    20. Flat Structure in APs AP? (AP) A Tara is proud of Colleen Susan is angry about the presidents politics AP ?(AP) A (PP)

    21. Flat Structure in APs AP? (AP) A (PP)

    22. Bob is very angry about school violence but less [so] than he used to be.

    23. Bob is very angry about school violence but less [so] about gun control.

    24. A rules AP ? A (a vacuous rule) A ? (AP) A A ? A (PP)

    25. A Structure

    26. Flat Structure in PPs P ? P (NP) Tara is very in love with her boss PP ?(AP) P (NP) (PP)

    27. Flat Structure in PPs PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

    28. Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was less [so] PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

    29. Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was less [so] with her husband. PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

    30. P rules PP ? P (a vacuous rule) P ? (AP) P or P (PP) P ? P (NP)

    31. P Structure

    32. The New Rules (dont memorize these, we have a ways to go yet) NP ? (D) N N ? (AP) N or N (PP) N ? N (PP) VP ? V V ? (AP) V or V ({AP/PP}) V ? V (NP) AP ? A A ? (AP) A A ? A (PP) PP ? P P ? (AP) P or P (PP) P ? P (NP)

    33. Generalization 1: 3 types of rules For each major category there are 3 types of rules: A rule that generates the phrase NP ?(D) N A rule that iterates: N ? (AP) N A rule that introduces the head N ? N (PP)

    34. Generalization 2: Headedness In each rule the only item that is obligatory is the item that gives its category to the node that dominates it: NP ?(D) N N ? (AP) N N ? N (PP) There are no rules of the form NP ? V AP. (this is called endocentricity)

    35. Generalization 3: Optionality With the exception of determiners (more on that in chapter 6), all non-head material is both phrasal and optional NP ?(D) N N ? (AP) N N ? N (PP)

    36. Goals of X-bar theory Simplify the system of rules Capture intermediate structure Capture the cross-categorial generalizations. We will use VARIABLES to do this. A variable is a category that can stand for any other category. X, Y, W, Z are variables that can stand for ANY of N,V,A,P

    37. The X-bar Rules Specifier Rule: XP ?(YP) X Adjunct Rule: X ?(ZP) X or X ? X (ZP) Complement Rule: X ? X (WP)

    38. X-bar Structures

    39. X-bar Structures

    40. X-bar Structures

    41. X-bar Structures

    42. X-bar Structures

    43. Summary Constituency tests show us there is intermediate structure in phrases. (evidence varies in strength) There are Cross-Categorial generalizations to be made: 3 rules: Specifier, adjunct, complement Headedness & Endocentricity Optionality of modifiers

    44. Summary X-bar rules: Specifier Rule: XP ?(YP) X Adjunct Rule: X ?(ZP) X or X ? X (ZP) Complement Rule: X ? X (WP) To do: discuss the differences between the specifier/complement/adjunct rules Account for crosslinguistic variation tidy up some ugly loose ends (like the lack of motivation for the specifier rule, The fact that determiners arent phrases etc.)

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