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Part VII (Units 23, 24, 25). Nouns and Pronouns. Unit 23 There is, There are. Commonest student mistake On the wall has a clock. Meaning = “exists” This “dummy subject” is similar to It’s raining It’s 8 AM. Use. With a prepositional phrase about place or time
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Part VII (Units 23, 24, 25) Nouns and Pronouns
Unit 23 There is, There are • Commonest student mistake • On the wall has a clock. • Meaning = “exists” • This “dummy subject” is similar to • It’s raining • It’s 8 AM
Use • With a prepositional phrase about place or time • There is a teacher in front of the room. • There are students in the desks. • Used for the first time it is mentioned. • After that, use he, she, or it
Confusion • There is a pen on my desk. • Not the same as HERE & THERE • There are / they are, there aren’t, they aren’t • Use contractions with negatives • There / Their
Questions • Same rules as always • There are students in the classroom. • Are there (any) students in the classroom? • Where are there students? • Use ANY with yes/no questions to emphasize quantity • Is there any rice in the bowl? (or is the rice gone?) • Is there rice in the bowl? (or is it something else? wheat? )
Unit 24 Pronouns & Objects • Pronouns take the place of nouns
Subjects and Objects • Subject is the “doer” • Object is the “receiver” • The teacher wrote the test. • Jaspuret donates money. • Jason cooks hamburgers.
Indirect Object • ??? Between the verb and the DO. • Answers “to whom/what” or “for whom/what” • Please give a hamburger to me. • Please give me a hamburger. • Please make a hamburger for me. • Please make me a hamburger.
I’m confused • I thought “to me” / “for me” was a prepositional phrase, but now it is an IndObj. • I thought an IndObj went between the verb and the DirObj • Here, both are called Indirect Objects. • It doesn’t matter much what you call them, as long as you can use them correctly.
Indirect Objects • Lydie gives books to Pedro. • Lydie give Pedro books. • The teacher emails music to the students. • The teacher emails students music. • The teacher makes hamburgers for the students. • The teacher makes the students hamburgers.
TEACH – verb (used with object)1. to impart knowledge of or skill in; give instruction in: She teaches mathematics.2. to impart knowledge or skill to; give instruction to: He teaches a large class. • Mr. Uhlman taught Shakespeare. • Mr. Uhlman taught the students. • Mr. Uhlman taught the students Shakespeare. • Don’t put two object pronouns right next to each other • [Massara gave me it.] Massara gave it to me.
Unit 25 Articles; Count and Non-count Nouns • THE = Definite Article • Reader and Writer / Speaker and Listener both know which one. • Used for Singular, Plural, and Non-count • I have the menu. • She has the water. • He has the glasses.
Indefinite Article • A / An , One for singular. • NOTHING [Ø] for plural and non-count. • Or a quantifier of some kind • We need ice cream. • We need two glasses. • We need some ice cream. • We need some glasses. • We need a lot of ice cream. • A lot of, or Lots of, but not A lots of or Ø lot of • Reader / Listener doesn’t know which one • Some (positive)/ Any (negative and questions) is nice.
A or AN ?? • What is the NEXT SOUND? Watch out for silent letters and such. • It was a/an hot day. • He was a/an honest man. • I have a/an underwater camera. • I have a/an university degree. • I have a/an MBA. (Masters of Business Administration)
