CALCULATING FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM WIND EROSION

1. CALCULATING FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM WIND EROSION • Mohammad Omary; CERT, UCR • Gerard Mansell; ENVIRON • Martinus Wolf; ERG • Michael Uhl; DAQM, Clark County, NV Bill Barnard; MACTEC Engr. & Consulting • Jack Gillies; DRI

2. Project Background & Overview Data Sources Estimation Methodology Agricultural And Urban Considerations Program Development Summary OUTLINE

3. BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF PROJECT • Overall Objective to Compile PM10 and PM2.5 Emission Factors and Inventories From Windblown Dust for the Western Region of the US • Develop Integrated SMOKE Processing Modules for PM10 and PM2.5 Emissions Modeling

4. DATA SOURCES • Land Use/Land Cover • Biogenic Emission Landcover Database (BELD3) • North American Land Cover Characteristics (NALCC) • Soils Characteristics • State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) • Soil Landscape of Canada (SLC_V2) • International Soil Reference and Information Center • Meteorological Data • 1996 MCIP/MM5, 36-km

5. DATA COMPILATION FOR LAND USE AND SOIL TYPES • Land Use and Soil Types data Were Compiled from 1km grid into 12km grid. • Each 12km cell Has One or More Area Fractions for Different Land Use • Soil Type of 12km Cell Was Set as the Dominant Soil Type from the 1km Cells

6. Urban: Stable/Unstable Agriculture: Stable with Ag. Adjustments Shrub/Grassland: Stable Forest: Stable Barren: Unstable MAJOR LAND USE

7. WIND TUNNEL STUDY RESULTS: THESHOLDS *(Gillette et al., 1980; Gillette et al., 1982; Gillette, 1988; Nickling & Gillies, 1989)

8. WIND TUNNEL STUDY RESULTS:EMISSION FACTORS

9. STANDARD SOIL TETURE TRIANGLE

10. For the Purpose of Developing Emission Factors, Standard Soil Types Were Divided Into Five Major Soil Types: Silty Sand & Clay Sandy Silt Loam Sand Silt MAJOR SOIL TYPES

11. SOIL TEXTURE MAPPING

12. EMISSION RATES BY SOIL GROUP FOR STABLE SOILS 0.035 0.03 0.025 Soil Group 1 Soil Group 2 0.02 Soil Group 3 Emission Factor (ton/acre/hour) Soil Group 4 0.015 Soil Group 5 0.01 0.005 0 20 - 24.9 25 - 29.9 30 - 34.9 35 - 39.9 40 - 44.9 45 - 49.9 50 - 54.9 10-m Wind Speed (mph)

13. EMISSION RATES BY SOIL GROUP FOR UNSTABLE SOILS 0.03 0.025 0.02 Soil Group 1 Soil Group 2 0.015 Soil Group 3 Emission Factor (ton/acre/hour) Soil Group 4 Soil Group 5 0.01 0.005 0 20 - 24.9 25 - 29.9 30 - 34.9 35 - 39.9 40 - 44.9 45 - 49.9 50 - 54.9 10-m Wind Speed (mph)

14. METEOROLOGY Meteorological Data Were Compiled from MM5 and MCIP for 36km Cells. The Data Needed Were: • Snow Cover • Rain Occurrence • Surface Temperature • Wind Velocity at 10m Height

15. VEGETATION COVER CONSIDERATIONS

16. Non-Climatic Factors Significantly Decrease Soil Loss From Agricultural Lands Seven “Adjustment” Factors Simulate These Effects: Bare soil within fields Bare borders surrounding fields Long-term irrigation Crop canopy cover Post-harvest vegetative cover (residue) Post-harvest replanting (multi-cropping) Tillage AG. CONSIDERATIONS

17. Urban Cells or Area Fraction from 12km Cell Split Into: Core urban 91.667% Boundary urban 8.333% Core Urban Area Considered As: Stable soil 92% Unstable soil 8% Boundary Urban Area Considered As: Stable soil 70% Unstable soil 30% URBANCONSIDERATIONS

18. No Emissions for 72 h After Snow Melt No Emissions for 72 h After Rain Event No Emissions for 12 h After Surface Freeze No Emissions for Wind Speed Less Than 20mph EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

19. EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY cont’d • For Stable Soils: • Apply emission rates for the first hour only during a wind event • Apply emission spike at the first hour • Wait 24 hours before applying emission rates or emission spikes

20. EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY cont’d • For Un-Stable Soils: • Apply emission rates for the first 10 hours only during a wind event • Apply emission spike at the first hour • Wait 24 hours before applying emission rates or emission spikes

21. GENRAL INPUT DAT • Daily/Hourly Meteorological Data • State/County, Crop Management Zone, and Soil Type, For Each 12km Cell. • Area fractions For Each 12km Cell, and Land Use For Each Area Fraction. • Emission Rates and Emission Spike For The Wind Categories

22. AGRICULTURAL INPUT DAT • Ag. Area Fractions (Barren, Border, Crop) • Lon Term Irrigation Factors For Each Soil Type • Irrigation Fractions For Each County And Crop • Tillage Fractions For Each County And Crop • Planting And Harvesting Date For Each Crop and Crop Management Zone

23. AGRICULTURAL INPUT DAT, cont’d • Crop Canopy Factors For Each Crop • Irrigation Fractions For Each County And Crop • Tillage Fractions For Each County And Crop • Planting And Harvesting Date For Each Crop and Crop Management Zone

24. SOURCE OF AG. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS • Crop calendars with growth curves from Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) model • Residues remaining after harvest due to conservation tillage practices from Purdue’s Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) • Irrigation events from crop budget databases

25. COMPUTER PROGRAM FLOW CHART

26. A 36 km Cell Divided into 12 km Cells and Area Fractions 36 km AF1 AF2 12 km AF3 12 km 36 km

27. START Julian Day & Time Next I36,J36 Cell Cell I36, J36 Snow cover, Surface temp, Rain, Wind velocity Met Data Yes Snow cover DUST36 = 0 No Yes Surface temp <0C DUST36 = 0 No Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step

28. Yes Rain DUST36 = 0 No T no rain >72h or T no snow cover > 72h or T surface temp above 0C > 12h No DUST36 = 0 Yes No Wind velocity > minimum velocity DUST36 = 0 Next I36,J36 Cell Yes Next Time Step

29. Map I36, J36 to I12 and J12 (9 cells) Next I12,J312 Cell Loop over I12,J12 cells No Soil Group is Defined DUST12= 0 Yes Read Land Use Codes (LUCDAF ), and Area Fractions (AF) Next AF Loop over Area Fractions Next I12, J12 Cell Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step

30. Is the land use water, wet land etc. Yes DUSTAF = 0 No Next AF No Is the time since the end of the last wind event > 24h DUSTAF= 0 Yes Yes No Is the soil disturbed? Next AF Next I12, J12 Cell Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step

31. Next I12,J12 Cell Next AF Yes No Is it the first hour of the wind event No No Is the wind event > 10h DUSTAF= 0 Yes Select the proper emission rate and calculate the dust emissions (DUSTAF) Is the AF an Ag land? Yes No Divide the AF into: CropAF, BareAF, & BordAf Apply vegetation cover reduction factors Next I36,J36 Cell DUST12=DUST12 + DUSTAF Next Time Step

32. Apply AG Factors: 1-No adjustment to BordAF 2-Apply long term irrigation factor to BareAf 3-Apply long term irrigation, tillage, crop canopy, and post harvest residue factors to CropAf DUST12 = DUST12 + DUSTAF Next AF DUST12 = DUST12 * AGF Next I12,J12 Cell DUST36 = DUST36 + DUST12 Next I36,J36 Cell Next Time Step END

33. Yes No Next AF Is it the first hour of the wind event No No Is the wind event > 10h DUSTAF= 0 Yes Select the proper emission rate and calculate the dust emissions (DUSTAF) Is the AF an Ag land? No DUST12=DUST12 + DUSTAF Yes Next I12,J12 Cell Next I36,J36 Cell Divide the AF into: CropAF, BareAF, & BordAf Next Time Step

34. TOTAL MONTHLY EMISSIONS (tonnes)

35. TOTAL MONTHLY DUST (tonnes)

36. ANNUAL EMISSION BY LANDUSE (tonnes)

38. SUMMARY • The Fugitive Dust Was Considered As PM10 • The PM10 Was Split Into 22% PM2.5 and 78% PMC • Most Of The Dust From Desert And Grass/Shrub Land • The Ag Adjustment Ranges From 10%-90%, With Yearly Average 40%

39. Future Work • Dust Event After Rain, Snow Melt Can Be Improved By Taking In Consideration, Season, Soil Type, And Rain Depth • Use Of Smaller Grid Size for Met Data. • Use GIS to develop gridded Soil Type and Land Use for other model domain and grid definitions.