Core 2-The Body in Motion

1. Core 2-The Body in Motion The skeletal System

2. Skeletal System • An anatomical reference system called directional terms is used to identify the location of bones. • The starting point assumes that the body is in the Anatomical position; that is, a reference position where the subject is standing erect, facing front on and with palms facing forward. (Diagram next slide) • This enables us to locate a bone in reference to how it is relative to another part of the body.

3. Anatomical Position Transverse Plane Frontal (Coronal) Plane Sagittal Plane

4. Directional Terms Defined • Superior-towards the head; for example, the chest is superior to the hips. • Inferior- towards the feet; for example, the foot is inferior to the leg. • Anterior-towards the front; for example, the nose is anterior to the ear. • Posterior-towards the back; for example, the backbone is posterior to the heart. • Medial-towards the midline of the body; for example, the big toe is on the medial side of the foot. • Lateral-towards the side of the body; for example, the little toe is on the lateral side of the foot. • Proximal- towards the body’s mass; for example, the shoulder is proximal to the elbow. • Distal- away from the body’s mass; for example, the elbow is distal to the shoulder.

5. Skeletal System Introduction • The adult human skeleton has 206 bones. They range in shape and size, a feature that allows them to perform specialised functions. • Functions of bones: • Protection to vital organs, for example the cranium and ribs. • Support framework for the body • Movement-site of muscle attachment • Storage- minerals, for example calcium • Production of Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells

6. Skeletal System Introduction • The skeleton is divided into two (2) major portions: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. • Axial skeleton-consists of the bones of the skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage.

7. Skeletal System Introduction 2. Appendicular skeleton-consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bony girdles that support them on the body trunk. Pectoral girdle

8. Types of Bone • There are five (5) types of bone-long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. 1. Long Bones- are hollow, tubular in shape and have along shaft. The ends of long bones form the articulating or connecting surfaces at joints. - these bones can withstand heavy stress and are important in weight bearing. - examples: humerus, femur, radius, tibia, ulna and phalanges. 2. Short Bones- are shaped like a cube and almost equal in length and width. - examples: bones in the wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals) 3. Flat Bones- generally thin with a layer of spongy bone in their centre. - they are usually broad in shape and have a smooth surface allowing a large area for muscle attachment. -examples: scapula, cranial bones, sternum and ribs

9. Types of Bone 4. Irregular Bones- complex shapes, for example vertebrae 5. Sesamoid Bones- this type of bone is small and found in special tissue called tendons, where there can be more than usual pressure applied. - examples: the patella

10. Overview of skeletal bones

11. Overview of skeletal bones

12. Vertebral Column

13. Joint Types (page 133-Outcomes)

14. Types of synovial joints

15. Types of synovial joints

16. Function and structure of the knee joint

17. Feature of synovial joints Write notes on features from page 133-134 outcomes textbook. (Ligaments, tendons, synovial fluid and hyaline cartilage).