Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Skeletal System

1. Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Skeletal System

2. Cleft Palate • Occurs when the roof of a baby's mouth doesn't fully develop (palatine bones fail to fuse) leaving an opening (cleft) in the palate that may go through to the nasal cavity. • It is a birth defect that happens during pregnancy and can affect either the soft or hard palate. • Cleft palate is treatable, and surgery is usually recommended.

3. Cleft Palate

4. Vertebral Column: Curvatures Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine • Occurs most often in the thoracic region • Most common during adolescence and girls are more prone to developing the condition • If muscles on one side of the body are not functioning properly, those on the opposite side tug on the spine and force it out of alignment

5. Scoliosis

6. Clinical Conditions • Osteomalacia • Literally “soft bones.” • Includes many disorders in which osteoid is produced but inadequately mineralized. • Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium • Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light. • Rickets • Children's form of osteomalacia • More detrimental due to the fact that their bones are still growing. • Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull.

7. Clinical Conditions Age and Bones • Bone loss outpaces bone regeneration • Bones weaken and lose mass • Bones become brittle and fractures occur more often • Found most often in women

8. Fractures • A break in the bone • Simple – bone breaks cleanly • Compound – the broken bone ends have broken through the skin • Greenstick – bone splits and bends, does not break (seen only in children)

10. Common fracture types (cont’d)

11. Common fracture types

12. Comminuted fractures

13. Spiral fractures Figure 6–16 (4 of 9)

14. Greenstick fracture Figure 6–16 (7 of 9)

15. Compression fractures Figure 6–16 (9 of 9)

16. Depression fracture of the skull

17. X-ray & MRI How do they work???

18. Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Step 1 – • Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. • A large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, soon closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area. • The disruption of the circulation kills osteocytes around the fracture. • Dead bone soon extends along the shaft.

19. Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Step 2 – • The cells of the endosteum and periosteum undergo cell division and the daughter cells migrate into the fracture zone. • An external callus forms and encircles fracture • An internal callus organizes within the cavity and between the broken ends of the shaft

20. Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Step 3 – • Osteoblasts replace the central cartilage of the external callus with spongy bone • Calluses form a brace at the fracture site • Spongy bone now unites the broken ends • Fragments of dead bone are removed and replaced

21. Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Step 4 – • Osteoclasts and osteoblasts continue to remodel the region of the fracture (4 months to 1 year) • When remodeling is complete, the bone of the calluses is gone and only living compact bone remains. • The bone could be slightly thicker and stronger than normal at the fracture site

22. Fracture repair

23. Fracture repair (cont’d)

24. Treatment of a Fracture • Initial treatment for fractures of arms, legs, hands, and feet include splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation, and ice. • Edema (what does this have to do with splinting and casting?) • Closed Reduction – manual realignment