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Central & Eastern European Absolutism- Part II

Central & Eastern European Absolutism- Part II. Austria Prussia Russia. Austria. THIRTY YEARS’ WAR Lost ability to compete with Western Europe Instead aimed internally and at Bohemia and Hungary. Austria. Versus Ottomans Ottoman private property Sultan system of rule

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Central & Eastern European Absolutism- Part II

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  1. Central & Eastern European Absolutism- Part II • Austria • Prussia • Russia

  2. Austria • THIRTY YEARS’ WAR • Lost ability to compete with Western Europe • Instead aimed internally and at Bohemia and Hungary

  3. Austria • Versus Ottomans • Ottoman private property • Sultan • system of rule • No Suleiman (see pic) • Bureaucracy??? • Christian slaves • Not smart ones became Janissaries • Thrived on Christian tribute • Religiously tolerant • Often kinder rulers than Christian emperors • Butted heads with Habsburgs (and Russians)

  4. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

  5. “Golden Horn”

  6. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

  7. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

  8. Europeans vs. Turks

  9. The End of the Byzantine Empire

  10. Hagia Sophia

  11. Hagia Sophia

  12. Hagia Sophia - interior

  13. Illuminated Qur’an Page

  14. Janissaries

  15. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

  16. Austria • Versus Bohemia • Bohemia fell during Thirty Years’ War • Protestant nobility crushed and replaced • Versus Hungary • Conquered by Habsburgs but never fully pacified • Surviving nobility were highly influenced by Protestantism • Revolt against Habsburgs under Prince Rakoczy  failed but gained significant independence • Helped in revolts by Ottomans • Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction

  17. Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)

  18. Prussia • Blown apart by Thirty Years War… must face East • Geographical limitations • ‘sandbox of Europe’ • No natural physical barriers • Military is used to build the state • Junkers • Landowning Prussian nobility • Given status as head of military and complete domination of their serfs in exchange for loss of real political power

  19. Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

  20. Prussia • Great Elector • Why called this? • His goal- to weaken the local estates (regional parliaments) and build absolutism • War during his reign (against Sweden and Poland and in response to raids by the Tartars) allowed Great Elector to subjugate the Prussian Estates • The nobles were forced to choose security over independence • Bureaucracy and standing army basically the same thing • For example, soldier’s collected taxes

  21. Prussia • The Soldiers’ King • Solidified absolutism • Military nut • Lived a rigidly militaristic life • Built incredible army… • Tall soldiers • Prussia- 12th largest population, but 4th largest army • Exemplified hard work and living simply • Sparta of the North • Never ‘spent’ his soldiers Frederick William I

  22. King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713) The Soldier’s King

  23. Russia • European or not? • Yes – Geography, ethnicity, and desire • But… • Mongol Invasion • Mongol Legacy on the Tsars • Absoluter and terribler power (similar to Ottoman) • Missed the Renaissance - remain medieval/feudal • Rise of Muscovite Russians • Best suck-ups to Mongolians • Ivans kicked out the Khans • Newly independent Russians saw themselves as the ‘Third Rome’ • Fall of Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) to Ottomans • Religion – Eastern Orthodox • Caesar- tsar

  24. Population Center

  25. The Mongols Invade Russia

  26. Early Russia

  27. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  28. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  29. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

  30. Russia • Taming of the Boyars by the Ivans • Khan-like • Tsar had enormous land-holdings • Service nobility • Got land, had to serve in army  relatively weak • Ivan the Terrible • Used ‘secret police’ to crush peasants further • Nobles, in turn, ruthlessly oppressed their own peasants • Even merchants were bound to their cities • Cossacks • Repeated uprisings • Tsars almost literally owned everything in Russia • Romanov line • Because of peasant revolts, the Romanovs restored some rights to nobles, to unify with them against the peasants

  31. Russian Boyars

  32. Russia • Peter the Great • Militaristic • Great Northern War • Promotion by ability • Complete domination of the nobility • Desire for a warm water port • fight with Ottomans- Black Sea • Fight with Swedes- Baltic • This is a recurring theme for Russia • Westernization, but mainly for military gain • Grand Tour • Europeans brought in to train Russians • Beard Law

  33. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

  34. Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War

  35. Mimicry of French Absolutism • Royal Cities • St. Petersburg • Window to the West • Built from scratch at great cost to nobility and peasants… evidence of absolutism • Evidence of military victories • Broad straight avenues radiating out from the center • Palaces Like Versailles

  36. Schönbrunn Palace

  37. Versailles

  38. Schönbrunn Palace

  39. Baroque • 1600 – 1750. • From a Portuguese word “barocca”, meaning “a pearl of irregular shape.” • Implies strangeness, irregularity, and extravagance. • The more dramatic, the better!

  40. Baroque • Emotional • Appeals to the commoner • Grew out of the Catholic Reformation • Used by Absolutists

  41. St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican Cityby Gialorenzo Bernini

  42. Church of Santiago de Compostella, Spain

  43. Church of Veltenberg Altar, Germany

  44. “The Assumption of the Virgin Mary”Egid Quirim Asam, 1692-1750

  45. Altar of Mercy, Germany, 1764

  46. “David and Goliath” by Caravaggio

  47. “St. Bonaventure on His Deathbed”Francisco de Zurbarán, 1629

  48. “Battle of the Amazons”Peter Paul Reubens

  49. Baroque Furniture

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