Unit II: Human Rights Around the World: Symbols of Alienation

1. Unit II: Human Rights Around the World: Symbols of Alienation Our extended text: Night by Elie Wiesel Holocaust: from the Greek word “olokauston”: a destruction caused by fire or a burned sacrifice

2. Some Essential Questions from Unit II • What can literature teach us about humanity and responsibilities to ourselves, our culture, our society, and our world? • How can taking notes and annotating a text aid my comprehension? • How can I use note taking to analyze details from a text to make inferences? • How does an author create tone? • How does word choice and the use of literal and figurative language inform and reveal an author’s purpose? • How does an author use rhetoric to support his point of view? • How can I develop parallel structure in my writing?

3. By the end of this unit you will . . . • Be able to answer all essential questions • Complete a research paper. • Be successful on CDA #2

4. Materials for this unit: • Holocaust vocabulary and definitions • Night by ElieWeisel • Perils of Indifference (speech) • The Boy in the Striped Pajamas(film) • Oprah Winfrey/ Elie Wiesel at Auschwitz documentary • Holocaust poetry • Letters to Holocaust victims • Life is Beautiful (film) • Research Paper • Unit Test • CDA #2

5. The Holocaust • The Holocaust refers to a specific event in 20th century history: The government-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933-1945. Documentary LINK: http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search#selItemsPerPage=20&intCurrentPage=0&No=0&N=4294939055&Ne=&Ntt=holocaust&Ns=&Nr=&browseFilter=&indexVersion=&Ntk=All&Ntx=mode%252Bmatchallpartial

6. Barracks at Auschwitz

7. Holocaust Vocabulary Amon Goethe- was an SSCaptain and the commandant of the a Nazi concentration camp. He was tried as a war criminal after the war. He was found guilty and hung. The film Schindler's List depicts his occasional practice of shooting camp internees for sport. Anti-Semitism-  is suspicion of, hatred toward, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage

8. The Aryan race- is a concept historically influential in Western culture in the period of the late 19th century and early 20th century. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or subrace of the larger Caucasian race. Auschwitz Dachau, and Buckenwald- a network of concentration camps and extermination camps of the Nazis in WWII.

9. Crematoria- the use of high temperature burning for the use of reducing bodies to dust. In death camps used to rid the Nazis of Jewish bodies. Einsatzgruppen-were SSparamilitarydeath squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting. Enabling Act- which became a cornerstone of Adolf Hitler's seizure of power. Final Solution- was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews Gestapo- The Secret State Police of the Nazis.

10. Ghetto- is a part of a city predominantly occupied by a particular ethnic group that may be looked down upon for various reasons, especially because of social or economic issues, or because they have been forced to live there . Hebrew- Culturally, it is considered by Jews and other ethnic or religious groups as the language of the Jewish people Heinrich Himmler- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707,_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg Holocaust- known as “Shoah” by the Jews, was the systematic killing of over 6 million Jews and 4 million non-Jews during WWII.

11. Joseph Mengele- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mengele Judaism- The religion of the Jewish people. Kabballa- the study of mysticism as part of the Jewish religion. Questions like, “who is God?” “why are we here?” are discussed and searched for. Kaddish- a prayer found in Jewish prayer services. Krakow- one of the oldest cities in Poland.

12. Kristallnacht- “The Night of Broken Glass” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht Mein Kampf- “My struggle” is a book written by Adolf Hitler while in prison. It contained many anti-semitic ideas. Nuremberg Laws- of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rallyof the Nazi Party. Oskar Schindler- an ethnic German that saved over 1100 Jews in the Holocaust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schindler Star of David- A SYMBOL OF Jewish identity.

14. Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS)- functioned as the paramilitary branch of the Nazis. They played a key role of Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s.

15. Swastika- the image used by the Nazis during WWII.

16. Third Reich- is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler.

17. Torah- the spiritual book of the Jews.

18. The Treaty of Versailles- the peace treaty that ended WWI. This forced Germany to pay war fees to The Allies. This upset and disgruntled many Germans. Hitler took advantage of this general feeling and vowed that he would bring Germany back to them.

19. Yiddish- a part of the Jewish language that incorporates Hebrew and German into slang. Zyklon B- a chemical used in concentration camps to kill Jews in mass. Jews were told to shower and instead of water, Zyklon B was pumped through the room, killing them within minutes.

20. A Four Phase Operation • PHASE I (1933-1939): Regulation and Isolation of German Jews • PHASE II (1939-1941): Totalitarian regulation of Polish Jews • PHASE III (1941-1943) Direct killing by Einsatzgruppen in USSR • PHASE IV (1941-1945): Bureaucratic killing across occupied Europe

21. Why did this happen? After the First World War, Germany was in chaos, and Hitler was a strong leader who promised a better life for Germany. European fascism merged with anti-semitism. The western world was unaware of the true extent of Germany’s persecution of Jews and others.

22. Fascism • Fascists believe that nations and/or races are in perpetual conflict whereby only the strong can survive by being healthy, vital, and by asserting themselves in conflict against the weak. • advocate the creation of a single-party state. • forbid and suppress openness and opposition to the government and the fascist movement. • opposes class conflict, blames capitalist liberal democracies for its creation and communists for exploiting the concept.

23. Who? Some people were undesirable by Nazi standards because of who they were,their genetic or cultural origins, or health conditions. Jews, Gypsies, Poles and other Slavs, and people with physical or mental disabilities. Others were Nazi victims because of what they did. Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, the dissenting clergy, Communists, Socialists, and other political enemies.

24. Why? • World War I ended in 1918 with Germany being severely punished for its aggression during the war. • Military and political leaders blamed left-wing politicians, communists, and Jews. • The new gov’t, Weimar Republic, tried to establish democracy but it could not handle the depressed economy or lawlessness. • The German Worker’s Party espoused a right-wing ideology. Hitler joined in 1919 and quickly rose to leadership

25. “it [Nazi philosophy] by no means believes in an equality of races, but along with their differences it recognizes their higher or lesser value and feels itself obligated to promote the victory of the better and stronger, and demand the subordination of the inferior and weaker in accordance with the eternal will that dominates the universe.” – Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler

26. Holocaust Timeline • 1919 - Treaty of Versailles • Cripples Germany • 1920 - National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP or NAZI) is formed • 1925 - Volume One of Mein Kampfpublished • October 24, 1929 - “Black Thursday”

27. September 14, 1930 • Nazi Party wins 107 of 577 seats in Reichstag • July 31, 1932 • Nazi seats in Reichstag increases to 230 of 608 • January 30, 1933 • Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany succeeding Paul Von Hindenberg ending the Weimar Republic • Jewish population of Germany 566,000

28. Polish children who will be sent to live in Germany

29. Phase 1 • February 22, 1933 - Auxiliary Police • 40,000 SA and SS sworn in • February 27, 1933 - Reichstag burns • Crisis created • February 28, 1933 - Emergency powers • March 22, 1933 - Concentration camps begin opening throughout Germany • March 24, 1933 - The Enabling Act • Chancellor given absolute power

30. Moves Against Jews • April 1, 1933 - Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses • April 7, 1933 - Law for Restoration of Civil Service • April 11, 1933 - First legal definition of who is a Jew • April 25, 1933 - Law Against Overcrowding German Schools • April 26, 1933 - Gestapo created

31. Children smuggling food into the Warsaw ghetto

32. May 10, 1933 - Burning of “undesirable” books • July 14, 1933 - Outlawing of political parties • September 1933 - Jews excluded from the arts • September 29, 1933 - Jews prohibited from land ownership • October 4, 1933 - Editorial Law

33. A segregated streetcar in Krakow. The sign in German and Polish reads, "for Jews; for non-Jews." (Circa 1940)

34. 1934 • January 24, 1934 - Jews banned from the German Labor Front • May 17, 1934- Jews excluded from national health insurance • June 30, 1934 - “Night of the Long Knives” • July 20, 1934 - SS independence • July 22, 1934 - Jews prohibited from legal profession • August 2, 1934 - Hitler becomes Führer

35. The Nuremberg Laws • The Reich Citizenship Law • Only Germans or those with “German” blood (“Aryans”) could be citizens of the Reich • German Jews became “state subjects” • The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor • Prohibited marriages and extramarital affairs between Jews and “Aryans”

36. Prohibited the employment of German maids under the age of forty-five in Jewish households • Prohibited the raising of the German flag by Jews • Symbolically dramatized the exclusion of Jews from German society • Rationalized and legitimized actions against the Jews which were to follow • Passed during special session of the Reichstag on September 15, 1935

37. Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by Ukrainian auxilliary police. (October 14, 1942)

38. Ensatzgruppen before executing a Jewish youth

39. Later Actions in Germany • November 8, 1937 - Eternal Jew exhibit • March 1938 - Austria annexed - Eichmann • April-July 1938 - further restrictions on Jewish property and professions • August 17, 1938 - Regulation requiring Jews to change their names

40. The End Game • November 7, 1938 - German diplomat, Ernst vomRath attacked by Polish Jew in Paris; dies two days later • November 9/10, 1938 - Kristallnacht • November 12, 1938 - Jews assessed one billion deutchmarks for damages • November 15, 1938 - Jews expelled from German Schools

41. Jews from the Krakow Ghetto, who have been rounded-up for deportation, are crowded onto the back of a truck. (1942)

42. December 3, 1938 - Law requires takeover of all Jewish owned businesses • December 14, 1938 - Reichsmarschal Hermann Göring put in charge of resolving the “Jewish Question” • January 24, 1939 - ReinhardHeydrich charged with emigration of Jews

43. World War II • March 15, 1939 - Nazis invade Czechoslovakia • September 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland • September 3, 1939 - England & France declare war on Germany • September 17, 1939 - Soviet troops invade eastern Poland

44. Phase 2 • September 21, 1939 - Heydrich orders “Ghettoization” of Polish Jews • Throughout 1939 Polish Jews are subjected to the same systematic treatment that German Jews had during the previous six and one-half years. • December 1939 - Adolf Eichmann takes over Gestapo section for Jewish affairs

45. Two Jewish pupils are humiliated before their classmates. The inscription on the blackboard reads “The Jew is our greatest enemy!”

46. Burning of Books (Kristallnacht)

47. Phase 3 • June - December 1941 - Invasion of USSR • July 2, 1941 - Heydrich issues guidelines on executions by Einsatzgruppen in USSR • July 31, 1941 - Heydrich ordered to prepare a plan for “the final solution of the Jewish question” • September 3, 1941 - Zyklon-B used as agent of mass killing on Soviet POWs • December 8, 1941 - Chelmno Death Camp

48. Phase 4 • January 20, 1942 - The Wannsee Conference finalizes details of Final Solution • January 1942 - Killing of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau using Zyklon-B • March 1942 - Belzec Death Camp becomes operational • March 24, 1942 - Slovak Jews to Auschwitz • March 27, 1942 - French Jews to Auschwitz

49. An American soldier stands above the corpses of children that are to be buried in a mass grave dug by German civilians from the nearby town of Nordhausen. (April 14, 1945)

50. Young survivors behind a barbed wire fence in Buchenwald concentration campAmerican soldiers view a pile of human remains outside the crematorium in Buchenwald.