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Psychology 305

Psychology 305. Atypical Development Chapter 15. Atypical Development. Frequency Psychopathologies of Childhood Intellectual Atypical Development Schooling Concerns. Atypical Development. Frequency

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Psychology 305

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  1. Psychology 305 Atypical Development Chapter 15

  2. Atypical Development • Frequency • Psychopathologies of Childhood • Intellectual Atypical Development • Schooling Concerns

  3. Atypical Development • Frequency • Majority of children at some point have some “non-normal” or lagging portion of development • Usually labeled if persists longer than 6 months • Table 15.1 • 14-20% of all children show some form of pathology

  4. Atypical Development • How do we understand it? • Developmental Psychopathology • Key points • All abnormal and normal behavior stems from the same basic processes • Approach is developmental or “pathways” that lead to deviant and non-deviant behavior • Sequences of experiences

  5. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • 3 categories of disorders • Externalizing Problems • Disturbances of conduct • Internalizing Problems • Emotional disturbances • Attention Problems • adhd

  6. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Externalizing Problems • Conduct disorders • Antisocial characteristics of behavior • High levels of aggression, argumentativeness, bullying, disobedience, threatening and loud behavior • Childhood Onset • Aggression and behavior begins in early childhood and persists through adolescence • Life course persistent

  7. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies- childhood onset • Pathway • Many risk factors • Harder temperament, lower intelligence, lower SES • Insecure/Disorganized or Insecure/Avoidant attachments • Throw many tantrums and defy parents regularly • Drug and alcohol abuse, school drop out or expulsion • 70% relation to adult aggression

  8. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Conduct Disorders cont. • Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorders • Adolescence limited delinquents • Behavior begins only in adolescents • Deviance typically milder “wrong crowd”

  9. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Delinquency • Intentional lawbreaking • Not always consistent with conduct disorder • 10% arrest rate for all children between 15-17 yrs • Most minor misdemeanors, but some felonies • When self reported rates are even higher • Majority of teens do not persist into adult delinquency

  10. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Internalized Problems • Depression • 30-40% of adolescents experience a depression episode • Clinical depression more rare—up to 8 % • Number one risk factor after puberty is being female • Function of number of stressors • Family life, illnesses, work stress, loss of income, marital separation

  11. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Adolescent Suicide • Successful suicides more common in males then females • Attempts more common in females • Risk factors • Emotional disturbance • History of physical or sexual abuse • Aggressive history • Family history of psychiatric disorders

  12. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Suicide Cont. • Other important risk factors • Significant stressful event—catalyst • Failure in valued activity or significant other • Altered mental state • Hopelessness, reduced inhibitions • Severe mood swings—rage • Opportunities present • Guns, pills, alcohol etc… • Absence of emotional connection with parents

  13. Atypical Development-Psychopathologies • Attention Problems • ADHD • Physical restlessness and inability to concentrate • Diagnostic criteria, table 15.2

  14. ADHD • Symptom logy • Cannot stay focused on a task that requires mental effort • Often act impulsively ignoring social rules • Lashing out with hostility when frustrated

  15. Occurrence • 3-5% of school aged children • Boys at least 3X more likely to be diagnosed

  16. ADHD • Causes • Heredity must play role • Runs in families and occurs more often in identical than fraternal twins • Reduced electrical and blood flow activity inf rontal lobes • Environment plays a role • Unhappy marriages and family stress high • Exacerbating influences • Prenatal teratogens • Alcohol, illegal drugs, and cigarettes. • Parental coercive power struggles

  17. Intellectual Atypical Developments • Mental Retardation • Consistently subaverage intellectual performance—IQ lower than 75 • Also must occur with maladaptive behavior • Only 2% of low IQ young children are extremely retarded

  18. Intellectual • Physical anomaly • Down’s Syndrome • Fragile X • Car accident, teratogen, anoxia • Environment and Biology • Majority of mentally retarded children • Low IQ parents, disorganized/disrupted homes

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