WWII

1. WWII America Emerges as a World Power

2. Leading up to WWII • Roosevelt’s good-neighbor policy • U.S. pledge not to intervene in Latin America • Isolationism during the 1930s • The Nye Committee and Neutrality Act • A committee in the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. • From this data, it was concluded that the US entered the war because it was in American commercial interest for the United Kingdom not to lose. • U.S. needed to avoid loans and treaties with others • Looked to George Washington’s Farewell Address for support • "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world..."

3. Leading up to WWII • U.S. foreign policy changed from 1938 to 1941 • from neutrality to support for Britain • The foreign policies of Japan and the U.S. were chiefly in conflict over Japanese invasion of China • Lend Lease Program • the United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet Union • Atlantic Charter (8/1941) • Set goals for postwar: self govt, no terr. changes, free trade, freedom from fear and want

4. The War • Swift ending of the Great Depression • Decline in unemployment between 1940 and 1941 • The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is an illustration of the impact a single event can have on public opinion in a time of crisis

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6. Video Clip • Pearl Harbor (26 minutes) • Play Great Speeches---Dec. of War Against Japan (7 min)

7. Did we know the attack was coming? • The question is, "Did Franklin D Roosevelt know of but do nothing to stop the Japanese attacking Pearl Harbor because he wanted the USA to enter the Second World War?" • Here are some of the key issues that debate this statement: Roosevelt desperately wanted the US to enter the war, he states to William White, a close friend in 1939; "If Germany or Russia win the war or force a peace favorable to them, the situation of your civilization and mine is indeed in peril..." • However he needed the US publics backing. He spent a total of 12 years in office, completed revolutionary new ideas (Fireside Chats, New Deals) and introduced the first women ever to go to a presidential cabinet (Francis Perkins). He knew he needed the public support. A crisis like Pearl Harbor unites the nation in an act of revenge and war.

8. Did we know the attack was coming? • It is more likely however, that the information critically needed to know of the Japanese attack slipped through America's nets. Much information on Pearl Harbor was found in the 'pending' boxes of interception offices. • Finally, it is impossible to tell if Franklin D Roosevelt knew of the attacks. But, would he really want the Pacific Fleet destroyed just to make a point? • America had the POTENTIAL to discover the Japanese attacks, however the poor system of sorting information led to the crucial pieces being discarded. And, FDR thought the attack would happen elsewhere Although a terrible tragedy, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor worked in Franklin D Roosevelts favor.

9. WWII • Main Allies • Great Britain and the Soviet Union • Main Strategies • unconditional surrender • an eventual second front by invading Europe • victory in the European area first. • Island hopping in the Pacific Theater.

10. WWII—expansion of gov’t power • Increase in Civil Workers and agencies to deal with the War. • From 1 mil in 1940 to 3.5 mil in 1945 • Increases in the military. • From 1.5 million in 1940 to 15 million by 1945

11. The Home Front • Industry moved from civilian to war production • EX. Auto companies stopped making cars in 1942 and started making tanks, jeeps and planes • Office of Price Administration (rations) • Slogan---use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without • Economic boom---wages doubled and unemployment virtually disappeared

12. Fun Fact • National speed limit of 35 mph was put into law to save gas and tires

13. The Home Front • Selling war bonds not only raised money for World War II but also contributed to the national debt • Increased employment for women • Women • work in factories. • 1941 to 1945 6 mil women entered workforce for first time. 33% were married • establish themselves as a vital part of the economy. • participate in the war effort. 350k in military • define a new role in society. • Start to see themselves differently

14. Rosie WAR POSTERS • Rosie the Riveter • Women manned the factories while the men went off to fight. • This helped lay the foundation for women’s rights in the work world and helped us win the war…..

18. The Home Front • Urban Migration • Rural southerners, both black and white, moved north (and west) to cities and war jobs. • Ex. 700,000 African-Americans left South for defense jobs • From 4k to 40k in Seattle • During the Great Depression and World War II, Appalachian whites joined black workers in middle western cities like Cincinnati and Detroit. Okies and Arkies left their depressed cotton farms in Oklahoma and Arkansas for new lives in Bakersfield and Los Angeles.

19. league cartoon1 • 6 million to work in industry • Baceros, Mexican workers brought to work in US • 1.6 million Black families leave the South • Speeded up the assimilation of ethnic groups into American society.

20. Urban Migration • Not everyone happy with changes • Poor whites and African-Americans faced discrimination • A-A faced race riots in some cities • Largest race riot in Detroit in 1943 • 25 blacks and 9 whites killed

21. The Home Front • Hispanics in WWII • Bracero program for farm workers • Developed by gov’t to get enough workers. Can legally come to work and then need to leave • US farms became dependent on Hispanic farm workers and often encouraged illegal immigration • Zoot suit riot in 1943, Los Angeles • Years of tension between whites and Hispanics • 100 people injured, riots lasted days • Sailors attacked Mexican-American teens, Sailor wounded. Next day 50 sailors start attacking anyone wearing a zoot suit.

23. Zoot Suit Riots • The zoot suit was one part of the jazz world that visually defied the norms of segregation. • Unwritten rules demanded that people of color remain unseen and unheard in public spaces, but the zoot suit, with broad shoulders, narrow waist, and ballooned pants, was loud and bold.

24. Zoot Suit riots • Zoot-suited young men (and some young women) held themselves upright and walked with a confident swagger that seemed to flow from the very fashion itself. • This particular demographic, zoot-suited or not, came to be singled out and associated with criminality and gangsterism by Los Angeles authorities. Racial profiling became rampant.

25. As the riots subsided, the governor ordered the creation of a citizens' committee. Its charge was to investigate and determine the cause of the riots. • In 1943 the committee issued its report; it determined racism to be a central cause of the riots. • At the same time, Mayor Fletcher Bowron came to his own conclusion. The riots, he said, were caused by juvenile delinquents and by white Southerners. Racial prejudice was not a factor.

27. The “Pachuca,” the female counterpart of the Pachuco, The Pachuca’s hairstyle tended to be a high “coif” (a more pronounced version of the typical hair style of the time), sometimes using hair grease.

28. Zoot suit riots video—51 min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwINn5DEL1c

29. The Home Front • Marriages and births up • Divorces up • 1940: 16 per 100 • 1945: 27 per 100 • High school enrollment dropped as teens went to work in factories • Juvenile delinquency increased 5X • Society began to fear ‘breakdown in societal values”

30. Fun Fact • Divorce rates in 2009: • Divorce rate in America for first marriage: 48% • Divorce rate in America for second marriage: 67% • Divorce rate in America for third marriage: 74% • Americans are very optimistic about marriage…they’ll keep trying until they get it right!

31. The Home Front • 25k Native Americans served in WWII • Some Navajos served as “Code Talkers” • Japanese never broke Navajo code • Many Native Americans left reservations for the first time to work in defense plants

32. Fun Quote • Toward the close of the New Deal, a number of the nation's leading specialists on urban growth summed up the promise of urban America in a report called Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy (1937). • "The city has seemed at times the despair of America," it said, "but at others to be the Nation's hope, the battleground of democracy. … The faults of our cities are not those of decadence and impending decline, but of exuberant vitality crowding its way forward under tremendous pressure—the flood rather than the drought."

33. Uniting the country • All members of society were encouraged to mobilized for war • Children—collect scraps, indoctrination by cartoons • Tin can colonels or Uncle Sam Scrappers • Women---into the labor force, Victory gardens, USO, entering the military • Men---volunteering, draft, air raid wardens • Bonds---everyone was encourage to purchase • Rationing of food and supplies

34. The Four Freedoms • Goals articulated by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: • Freedom of speech and expression • Freedom of religion • Freedom from want • Freedom from fear • His inclusion of the latter two freedoms went beyond the traditional US Constitutional values protected by its First Amendment, and endorsed a right to economic security and an internationalist view of foreign policy that have come to be central tenets of modern American liberalism. • They also anticipated what would become known decades later as the "human security" paradigm in social science and economic development.

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43. Infamy9 DAY OF INFAMY

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50. Video—play all • WWII cartoons by Disney • Education for death (10 min), for adults • Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips, 1944 (8 min), for kids • Commando Duck • The Spirit of ’43 • Der Fuhrers face • Out of the frying pan and into the firing line