September 20, 2013

1. Introduction to Energy Diego Villarreal SHP – Columbia University September 20, 2013

2. Course Overview • This course is intended for you to get an better understanding of the “energy system”. • We will use tools for engineering and economics to answer some fundamental questions about our energy system such as: • What is energy? • How much do we use? • Where does it come from? • How much does it cost? • Are we “running out” of oil? • Can renewables replace fossil fuels?

3. Syllabus • Do you like the topics? • What other things/topics would you like to cover? • Computer/Phone policy. • Do you have any questions?

4. Energy is crucial for our economy

5. Energy – capacity to do work, to make a force act through a distance. Makes thing hot or makes things move: kilowatt hours. Power – energy transferred per unit time: kilowatt hours per unit time, typically day, flow of energy. Energy = powerXtime Capacity of power station – kilowatts [or megawatts = 1000 kW], maximum number of kilowatt hours it can produce in an hour (see MacKay chapter 2) Units of energy: Joule (J) – kJ, MJ, GJ, etc kWh – 1 kW * 1 hr = 1kWh = 3.6MJ BTU (British thermal unit) = 2.931E-4 kWh toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 11630 kWh Quads = 1E15 BTU’s Kcal = 1.163E-3 kWh What do we mean by Energy? 5 5

6. Power • Power is the rate at which something uses/consumes energy • Analogy: Think of water and water taps. If you want to drink 1 L of water, turn on the water tap and create a flow until you fill your 1L glass: • Volume = flow x time • flow = volume/time • Energy is like water volume, power is like water flow. • Energy = power x time • Power is so important, that it has its own units (unlike water flow) • Units of power: • Watts (J/s), kW (1000J/s), MW (1E6 J/s), GW (1E9 J/s), TW (1E12 J/s). • Horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 745 W • Foot-pound (ft-lbf/min): 1 W = 44.25 ft-lbf/min • Remember, if we are talking about power it always needs to be “per-something” (e.g. Joules per second).

7. 1 watt = 0.00134102209 horsepower 1 megawatt = 1,341 hp = 4 powerful cars Wind turbine = 3 MW Engines of a Boeing 747 have capacity of 250 megawatts Big coal or nuclear power station is 1000 megawatts (gigawatt) up NYC electricity consumption 140,000 GWh/yr NYS generation capacity 40,000 MW or 40GW US generation capacity 1000GW or 1TW Power vs output 7 7

8. The Energy system • The energy system is complex interconnection of all components related to the production, conversion, and use of energy. • Key components: Primary Energy, Energy Carriers, Energy Forms, Energy Services. • All steps are linked by different conversion and distribution technologies.

9. The Energy System

10. A first glimpse at the energy system • Which do you think is the fuel with the largest share of Total Primary Energy Supply? • Does this change for the US? • China? • For the world, which sector/flow do you think consumes the largest share of energy? • What do you think is the most important fuel for electricity production?

11. The Global Energy System

12. USA

13. China

14. World Electricity Production IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2013

15. Primary Energy Consumption Per Capita BP Statistical Review 2013

16. Is Energy Required for Development? • What do you think is the relationship between development and energy use? • Is the economy tightly “coupled” to energy?

17. Challenges • So what’s the big deal? • Non-renewable resources • CO2 emissions • Environmental degradation. • Are there enough resources to sustain increasing demand?