TABLE 4.1

1. TABLE 4.1 WHAT MAKES A PROFESSION

2. TABLE 4.2 FEATURES, DUTIES, RIGHTS, AND VALUES OF THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

3. TABLE 4.3 MOTIVES INFLUENCING PEOPLE AT KOHLBERG’S SIX STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

4. TABLE 4.4 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTINGORGANISATIONS OPERATING IN NORTH AMERICA

5. TABLE 4.5 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS

6. TABLE 4.6 TYPICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A CODE OF CONDUCTFOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS

7. TABLE 4.7 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN CODES OF CONDUCTFOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS

8. TABLE 4.8 POSSIBLE SANCTIONS FOR UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR UNDER PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING CODES OF CONDUCT AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES

9. TABLE 4.9 THE MACDONALD COMMISSION: OVERVIEW OF PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS

10. FIGURE 4.1 IFAC CODE OF ETHICS VALUES FRAMEWORK Duty to Society, Serve the Public Interest Objectives Meet Expectations for Professionalism, Performance, Public Interest Basic Needs Credibility, Professionalism, Highest Quality Services, Confidence • Fundamental Principles • Integrity, Objectivity, Professional Competence and Due Care, • Confidentiality, Professional Behavior, Technical Standards Source: IFAC, November, 2001.

11. FIGURE 4.2 IFAC CODE’S FRAMEWORK FOR PROPER JUDGMENT 1. Protect the Public Interest 2. Professional Service to Clients Judgement Integrity Objectivity Professional Skepticism Independence of Mind & Appearance

12. FIGURE 4.3 ASSURING INDEPENDENCE OF MIND AND APPEARANCE Identify and Evaluate Circumstances and Relationships that Create Threats To Independence Self-Interest Self-review Advocacy Familiarity Intimidation Eliminate Threats Or reduce to an Acceptable Level by Applying Safeguards Profession Legislation Regulation Within Client Within Firm

13. TABLE 4.10 SAFEGUARDS REDUCING THE RISK OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST SITUATIONS

14. TABLE 4.11 CONFLICTS OF INTEREST FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS: CATEGORIES, SPHERES OF ACTIVITY AFFECTED AND EXAMPLES