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APUSH WEEK 1

APUSH WEEK 1. TO AMERICA AND COLONIES. Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization?. Missionaries Enclosure Movement Large Groups of Displaced People Improved technology and knowledge of navigation Caravel Stable-Nation States Political rivalries Religious dissent

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APUSH WEEK 1

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  1. APUSH WEEK 1 TO AMERICA AND COLONIES

  2. Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization? • Missionaries • Enclosure Movement • Large Groups of Displaced People • Improved technology and knowledge of navigation • Caravel • Stable-Nation States • Political rivalries • Religious dissent • Good European markets • European Hubris/Superiority • Wanted to bypass Middle East • Break Italian Monopoly of Cities • Catholic v. Protestant

  3. Sailors and Explorers • Wanted to find a water route to Asia! • Identify the Explorer and the Country they found. • SPAIN: • Economendia • Gold, God and Glory • Convert to Catholicism • FRANCE: • Trade with Indian • Jesuits • ENGLAND: • Remove Indians • Puritans • Gold • 1st American colony that failed, Roanoke 1590

  4. Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America? • Martin Luther • Protestantism • Faith=salvation • John Calvin • “Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536 • Predestination • The Elect-Chosen by God • Visible Saints-Conversion experience • God is all powerful • Humans as weak and filled with Original Sin • **Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America** • **Most of the early Americans were protestant**

  5. Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America? CONT • CHURCH OF ENGLAND • King Henry VIII • Broke with Catholic church • Church of England/Anglican church created • Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church • Remove ALL Catholic elements • Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. • Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism • Led by John Robinson • Made about “Dutchification” of babies. • Secured rights with Virginia company • Mayflower-102 people • Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule • 1st Winter bad • Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) • Success: William Bradford. • Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture… • Work Ethic • Democratically Structured Churches • Religious toleration

  6. How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World? • Congregation Church in MBC • Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island • Fundamental Order in Connecticut River Colony

  7. What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England? • NEC: First steps toward colonial unity. • DNE: Puritan influence permanently reduced. • Common revolutionary sentiment throughout the colonies.

  8. Similarities Among the 13 Colonies? • Mostly English • Anglo-Saxon • Self-Government (Not all Democratic) • Religious toleration (to some degree) • Educational Opportunities • Provided unusual advantages for economic and social self-development

  9. SOUTHERN COLONY: VIRGINIA • FOUNDED BY: LONDON COMPANY • YEAR:1607 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • BUSINESS • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • SHAKY START • TOBACCO • HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • HOUSE OF BURGESSES • BACON’S REBELLION • SINGLE MEN • ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT • INDENTURED SERVANTS • 1ST POWHATAN WAR 1610-1614 • 2ND POWHATAN WAR 1622-1632

  10. SOUTHERN COLONY: MARYLAND • FOUNDED BY: LORD BALTIMORE (GEORGE CALVERT) • YEAR: 1634 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • REFUGE FOR BRITISH CATHOLICS • BUSINESS VENTURE • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • CATHOLIC HAVEN • ACT OF TOLERATION • KNOWN FOR TOBACCO • NO STARVING TIME

  11. SOUTHERN COLONY: CAROLINAS • FOUNDED BY: • NORTH: VIRGINIA SQUATTERS • SOUTH: EIGHT ENGLISH NOBLES • YEAR: • NORTH: 1653 • SOUTH: 1670 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • NORTH: OVERFLOW FROM VIRGINIA • SOUTH: BUSINESS VENTURE • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • NORTH SEPARATED FROM SOUTH IN 1691 • SOUTH: PROPRIETARY COLONY (AWARD FROM CHARLES II TO LOYAL SUPPORTERS) • CLOSE TIES WITH THE CARABEANS • RICE • CARLESTOWN • BAD TO NATIVE AMERICANS

  12. SOUTHERN COLONY: GEORGIA • FOUNDED BY: JAMES OGELETHORPE • YEAR: 1733 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING:DEBTORS COLONY AND BUFFER ZONE • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • ENJOYED ROYAL SUBSIDIES DUE TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS A BUFFER ZONE.

  13. NEW ENGLAND COLONY: MASSACHUSETTS • FOUNDED BY:MASSACHUSETTS BAY CO (JOINTSTOCK) • YEAR: 1620,1623,1629 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • BUSINESS/RELIGION • FISHING/TRADING • CITY ON A HILL • POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN • CHARACTERISTICS: • MAYFLOWER COMPACT (Plymouth) • CHARTER COLONIES (MASS.BAY AND MAINE) • MASS. BUYS MAIN IN 1677, AND MERGES WITH PLYMOUTH • FISHING AND TRADING • SMALL FARMS • WHEAT AND CORN • SALEM WITCH TRIALS • FAMILY BASED • MALE DOMINATED • ANN HUTCHISON AND ROGER WILLIAMS • ANTINOMIANISM • TOWN HALLS • GREAT MIGRATION 1631 TO BOSTON

  14. NEW ENGLAND COLONY: CONNECTICUT • FOUNDED BY: THOMAS HOOKER AND MASS. DISSENTERS • YEAR: 1635, 1638 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • FISHING • TRADING • SMALL FARMS • SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE • POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN • CHARACTERISTICS: • FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS: 1ST WRITEN CONSTITUTION • SELF GOVERNING

  15. NEW ENGLAND COLONY: RHODE ISLAND • FOUNDED BY: ROGER WILLIAMS AND MASS. DISSENTERS • YEAR: 1636 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • RELIGIOUS TOLERATION • SECULAR GOVERNMENT • TREATMENT OF INDIANS • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • RELIGIOUS TOLERATION • SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE • FAIR TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS • SIMPLE MALEHOOD SUFFRAGE

  16. NEW ENGLAND COLONY: NEW HAMPSHIRE • FOUNDED BY: JOHN MASON 1623 • YEAR: 1623 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • FISHING • TRADING • POPULATION: • ENGLISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • ABSORVED BY MASS. FROM 1641-1679 • BELIEVED IN BASIC INDUSTRY • SMALL FARMS

  17. MIDDLE COLONY: NEW YORK • FOUNDED BY: DUTCH • HENRY HUDSON • NEW NETHERLANDS (PETER MINUIT) • NEW AMSTERDAM • PETER STUYVESANT • YEAR: 1664 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • FUR TRADING • COMMERCE • POPULATION:NORTHERN EUROPEAN • CHARACTERISTICS: • DUTCH CULTURE • NY CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES • LEISLER’S REBELLION • DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND • PORT/COMMERCIAL CENTER • LARGE ESTATES ALONG THE HUDSON

  18. MIDDLE COLONY: NEW JERSEY • FOUNDED BY: JOHN BERKELEY AND GEORGE CARTERET • YEAR: 1664 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: • BUSINESS VENTURE • REWARD FROM JAMES II • QUAKER SETTLEMENT • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • PROPRIETARY COLONY • SPLIT INTO EAST AND WEST JERSEY • DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

  19. MIDDLE COLONY: PENNSYLVANIA • FOUNDED BY: WILLIAM PENN • YEAR: 1681 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: HAVEN FOR QUAKERS • POPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN (DIVERSITY) • CHARACTERISTICS: • PROPRIETARY COLONY • RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT • RECRUITED SETTLERS FROM ACROSS EUROPE • EQUITABLE TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS • IMPORTANT PORT

  20. MIDDLE COLONY:DELAWARE • FOUNDED BY: SWEDISH FUR TRAPPERS • YEAR: 1682 • REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FUR TRADE • POPULATION: BRITISH • CHARACTERISTICS: • ABSORVED BY DUTCH NEW NETHERLANDS, THEN BY BRITISH • HARBORED MANY QUAKERS

  21. SOUTHERN COLONIES

  22. MIDDLE COLONIES

  23. NORTHERN COLONIES

  24. EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH COLONIES? • 1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES • 1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT • 1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING • 1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS • COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE • 1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT • 1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION • 1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION • 1676: BACON’S REBELLION • 1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES • 1691: LESILER’S REBELLION • 1734: ZENGER CASE • 1713-1763: ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT” • 1720-90: THE ENLIGHTENMENT

  25. FRANCE IN AMERICA • FRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD • EDICT OF NANTES • QUEBEC IN 1608 • SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN • GOVERNMENT • CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLY • BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS • BEAVER TRADE • TRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI

  26. EMPIRES COLLIDE • ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH • 1688-1763 • KING WILLIAMS WAR • QUEEN ANNE’S WAR • TREATY OF UTRECHT • SALUTARY NEGLECT • KING GOERGE’S WAR • WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION • PEACE TREATY 1748

  27. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR • 1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAR • OHIO VALLEY • OHIO MISSION: WASHINGTON • TRIGGERED A WORLD WAR • ALBANY CONGRESS • ALBANY PLAN FOR UNION • BRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK • WILLIAM PITT • BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760) • BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759) • PEACE OF PARIS (1763)

  28. REBELLION • CHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLION • PROCLAMATION OF 1763

  29. APUSH DAY 2

  30. Today: • Leading to the Revolution • Revolution • AOC • Washington • Adams

  31. Early “Rebels” in MBC • Quakers • Anne Hutchinson • Roger Williams • Liberty of Conscience • Half-Way Covenant • Salem Witch Trials

  32. Road to Revolution

  33. Townshend Grenville Treaty of Paris Pontiac’s War Proclamation of 1763 Writs of Assistance Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Acts Gaspee 1760 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 1772 Currency Act Boston Massacre Stamp Act Repealed Towns-hend Acts Repealed Declaratory Act Quartering Act The Road to Revolution Committees of Correspondence

  34. Consequences of the French and Indian War • Treaty of Paris of 1763 • France forfeits all its land in North America (except islands at entrance to St. Lawrence) • American colonists feel less need for Britain** • Chief Pontiac led a pre-emptive war to keep British/colonists out of the Ohio River Valley • British post 10,000 troops in the colonies • Britain refuses to recognize land claims west of the Appalachians: Proclamation of 1763 • Colonists resent the “slow-growth” policy

  35. George Grenville’s Program • Grenville: PM from April 1763 to July 1765 • Grenville’s fiscal goal in the colonies: • Raise revenue to pay part of the costs of British troops stationed in America • The Sugar Act, 5 April 1764 • Reorganized customs system to enforce trade laws • The Currency Act, 19 April 1764 • The Stamp Act, 22 March 1765 • The Quartering Act, 24 March 1765

  36. Writs of Assistance • Open-ended search warrants • Imposed by Mass. Royal governor to end smuggling, especially with French West Indies • War measure • They signal definitive end to salutary neglect • Challenged by Mass. merchants (James Otis) • “Act against the Constitution is void” • Lost the case, but set a philosophical precedent

  37. Sugar Act, 5 April 1764 • Amended the Molasses Act of 1733 to raise revenue • Lowered tariff on non-British sugar so colonists would pay it instead of smuggling: 6 to 3 pence • Expanded the enumerated goods: Items that had to be exported to Britain • Hoped to increase British imports on returning ships • Placed a heavy tax on Portuguese wine • Previously tax free

  38. Sugar Act, continued • Expanded and complicated shipping rules • Made compliance very difficult • Changed procedures for trying smugglers • Cases heard in vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia • No jury trial: Judge decided the case (Got 5 percent of confiscated cargo) • Defendants’ guilt assumed, had to prove innocence

  39. Reaction to the Sugar Act • Nine provincial legislatures formally protested the act, but opposition was fragmented and ineffective • Still an external tax • Greatest burden fell on the shipping colonies • Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania • Colonists continued to smuggle non-British sugar until Britain lowered the tariff to 1 penny in 1766

  40. Currency Act, 19 April 1764 • Prohibited the issuance of paper money by the colonies • Made England the “central bank” for the colonial economy • Pinched the money supply of the colonies • Ensured payment of colonial debts in stable currencies: gold, silver or British pound notes

  41. Stamp Act, 22 March 1765 • Revenue-raising act • First internal tax imposed on the colonies • Intended to partially defray the costs of British troops in North America • Required colonists to use stamped paper for newspapers, playing cards, and various legal and business documents • Affected a large number of colonists • Scheduled to go into effect 1 November 1765

  42. Reaction to the Stamp Act • Protests by colonial legislatures • Boycotts of British goods • Spinning bees • Homespun clothes • Coffee instead of tea • Non-Importation Agreements (Merchants) • Intimidation and violence • Sons of Liberty

  43. Reaction to the Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress, Oct. 1765 in New York • Nine colonies represented • “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” • Arguments against the Stamp Act: • Parliament had no right to impose internal, direct taxes on the colonies • No taxation without representation • Counter-argument: “Virtual representation” • Colonists refused to use the stamps on Nov. 1

  44. Stamp Act Repealed • Jan. 1766, William Pitt denounced the Stamp Act; support for repeal grew • Feb. 1766, Benjamin Franklin testified before Parliament for repeal of the Stamp Act • Colonial boycotts and non-importation hurt the British economy • Unemployment increased • Merchant bankruptcies rose • March 1766, King George repealed Stamp Act

  45. Declaratory Act • Passed on same day as repeal of the Stamp Act • Asserted Parliament’s power to legislate laws governing the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

  46. Quartering Act, 24 March 1765 • Required colonists to pay the expense of housing and feeding British troops • Only affected 5 colonies but deeply resented • New York refused to comply • Tension with British soldiers broke out in armed melees • June 1767: New York Suspending Act nullified NY laws after 1 October 1767 • New York complied in June 1767

  47. Charles Townshend’s Program • Townshend: Chancellor of the Exchequer from Aug. 1766 to Sept. 1767 (died) • William Pitt is PM, but in poor health: Townshend is in charge • Townshend’s goal in the colonies: • Increase British control • Raise revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges • New York Suspending Act, June 1767 • Townshend Revenue Acts, 29 June 1767 • American Board of Customs Commissioners, June 1767

  48. Townshend Revenue Acts • Revenue raising acts • Townshend returned to an indirect, external tax • Modest tariff imposed on consumables (paper, paint, lead, glass) and tea

  49. Reaction to Townshend Acts • Mild reaction until John Dickinson’s Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania • Indirect/direct tax not important: Intent of the tax made it legal or illegal • No right to tax the colonies for revenue • British reaction to Sam Adams’ Circular Letter galvanized colonial resistance • Boycotts, non-importation agreements, legislative protests, intimidation, violence • British sent 1,700 troops to Boston in October 1768 to enforce the Townshend duties

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