Chapter 23 Section 1 Notes Equality for Latinos and Native Americans

1. Chapter 23 Section 1 NotesEquality for Latinos and Native Americans

2. Origin of Latinos in U.S. • Latinomeans anyone from Central Am. or Carribean • Mexicans • Largest group • Mostly settled in SW U.S. • Arrived at various times throughout history • Some were here when we added land • Mexican – American war (1846 - 1848) • Map on pg. 136 • Some arrived during Mexican Revolution • 1910’s(pgs. 363 – 365) • Braceros arrived during WWII • Migrant farm workers • In demand – lack of labor • Some arrived during 1960s • Mexican economy was really bad

3. Other Latino Groups common in U.S. • Puerto Ricans • Became U.S. territory in 1898 (still is) • Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War) • U.S city with highest concentration = New York • Cubans • Became U.S. territory in 1898 • Independent in 1930s • Many arrive in 1959 to flee Communism • Due to Castro • U.S. city with highest concentration = Miami • Variety of Central Am. Countries • Why do most come to U.S? • Escape Civil War • Escape poverty

4. Latino – Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s • Job Discrimination • 50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites • Housing Discrimination • Couldn’t afford to buy a house • Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them • Had to live in Segregated Barrios • Poorly constructed shacks • Businesses deny service • Just like African - Americans

5. Latino Activism in the 1960s & 1970s • Farm Worker Movement • Led by Cesar Chavez • Believed workers needed a union • Better wages and benefits • Organized boycott of California Grape growers • Mgmt. refused to recognize the union • lasted 5 years • nonviolent (like MLK Jr.) • Eventually succeeded

6. Brown Power Movement (1960s – 70s) • Equality, Pride in Culture • Pushed Congress for Bilingual Education • Help students learn English • Brown Berets • Organized student walkouts in schools • Called for improvements • Smaller class sizes • More Latin Am. Role models • teachers & administration • Courses on Latin Am. history • Political power • Formed La Raza Unida (political party) • elected Hispanic people to political office

7. Native Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s • Highest unemployment rate • Highest poverty rate • Highest infant mortality rate • Suffered most from alcoholism • High rates of drug abuse • Lowest life expectancy rate • MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY!

9. Native Am. Activism in the 1960s & 1970s • Declaration of Indian Purpose(1961) • Created by leaders of 90 Native American tribes • no more termination policy • Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. Into U.S. • Main Goal =autonomy (freedom) • independence to make own decisions regarding their people • need govt. financial assistance on reservations • Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $ President Kennedy with Native American Representatives Meeting the President. Washington: President Kennedy met with representatives of 90 American Indian tribes at the White House and was presented with the Declaration of Indian Purpose. During the ceremony, Kennedy described the American Indian as the "First Citizen" and said all Americans “have a strong obligation to improve the living conditions of the Indians”

10. American Indian Movement(begins in 1968) • 2 Goals • combat police brutality against Native Ams. • get land rights back (explain) • Methods used • Marches • “Trail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DC • Violent incidents • Wounded Knee hostage situation • Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs • Destroyed records • Caused $2 million in damages

12. The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 members of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The protest followed an unsuccessful attempt by a local tribe to impeach their leader, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protestors attacked the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations. AIM activists controlled the town for 71 days while U.S. and local law enforcement agencies cordoned off the area. The activists chose the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre for its symbolic value. Both sides were armed and shooting was frequent. 4 people were killed total… 1 govt. official, 2 Native Ams., and 1 Civil Rights activist on site to help. Due to damage to the houses, the small community was not reoccupied until the 1990s. The occupation attracted wide media coverage, especially after the press accompanied two U.S. Senators from South Dakota to Wounded Knee. The events electrified American Indians, who were inspired by the sight of their people standing in defiance of the government which had so often failed them. Many Indian supporters traveled to Wounded Knee to join the protest. At the time there was widespread public sympathy for the goals of the occupation, as Americans were becoming more aware of longstanding issues of injustice related to American Indians.

13. Native Am. Victories in Congress • Gained power to control children’s education • Got some land back from Govt. • Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to people for ridiculously cheap prices • Loss • No $$$ back for wrongful deaths of ancestors