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POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS : BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS

EUSKAL. HERRIKO. UNIBERTSITATEA. UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY. eman. ta. zabal. zazu. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ANIMAL CELL DYNAMICS. POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS : BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS. Ibon Cancio. Alien species. Light Noise Smell. POLLUTION.

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POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS : BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS

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  1. EUSKAL HERRIKO UNIBERTSITATEA UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY eman ta zabal zazu DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ANIMAL CELL DYNAMICS POLLUTION BY XENOBIOTICS : BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF POLLUTION EFFECTS Ibon Cancio

  2. Alien species Light Noise Smell POLLUTION Toxic compounds Nutrients XENOBIOTICS

  3. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WATER - Knowledge of the chemical products in the environment - Drawbacks: Legal action against polluting factory * Requires selection of substances to be tested, it is difficult and expensive * It has little biological meaning: toxic? Synergistic, antagonistic effects?

  4. BIOMONITORING - Chemical analysis on biota *Mussel watch, slug watch... * Bioaccumulation: fraction of pollutants that is accumulated in biological tissues - Drawbacks: * Still need to select substances * Pollutants may not accumulate (be metabolised) * Biological meaning? (does accumulation relate to a possible impairment of animal performance?) Slug Watch

  5. BIOMARKERS: LOOKING FOR BIOLOGICAL ANSWERS - THE MAIN AIM OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY IS TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS: Can we measure biologically exposure to chemicals and the effects caused by them?

  6. Ecosystem Biomarkers at different levels of organization Community * Noise * Ecological relevance Population Organism Physisological Cellular Molecular * Specificity * Speed

  7. Cl BIOACCUMULATION: low water pollutant concentrations may be concentrated in biological structures Cd Biota Cells Cellular structures

  8. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOMARKERS * DEFINITION: alterations at the molecular or cellular level that indicate exposure to contaminants and/or injuries induced by them (McCarthy & Shugart, 1990) - Quick responses that precede answers at higher levels of biological organization - Quantitative and qualitative relationships between exposure and biomarker response

  9. BIOMARKERS ARE APPLIED ON SENTINEL SPECIES

  10. Dig. gland Gonads Liver Gills CELLS AND TISSUES UNDER STUDY Those showing high exposure to pollutants, accumulation rates and responsiveness to pollutants

  11. SAMPLING STRATEGIES * Shipyard * * River coming from Gernika city * *Sampling points

  12. STRATEGIES: ANIMAL TRANSPLANT

  13. ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS THAT SCAVENGE SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS OR THAT CHANGE THEIR ACTIVITY UNDER EXPOSURE * Organophosphorous pesticides inhibit brain Acetylcholinesterase * Organic pollutants induce enzymes of the detoxification system (CYP450) * Metals induce Metallothionein synthesis in cells to sequester them

  14. 14.4 kDa ST MT 1 2 3C 1h 1d 7d det Cod Cod Turbot 6 (a.u.) MT-level 4 Control 2 0.01 ppm Cd 0.1 ppm Cd 1 h 1 d 7 d Detox. QUANTIFICATION OF METALOTHIONEIN LEVELS

  15. * ORGANOTINS inhibit aromatase activity Antifouling paints Aromatase Testosterone Estradiol TBT IMPOSEX, INTERSEX

  16. IMPOSEX IN THE DOGWELK Progression of vas deferens and penis growth in a female dogwelk

  17. POLLUTANTS ACCUMULATE IN LYSOSOMES * Induce changes in the structure of lysosomes

  18. MUSKIZ LIMANI LSC - FIELD STUDY Aegean Sea / Biscay Gulf Polluted site Reference site OLYMPIADA PLENTZIA

  19. Normal rat liver Treated with PP PEROXISOME PROLIFERATION

  20. PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS Hypolipidemic drugs and other therapeutic agents Herbicides Plasticizers Steroids Solvents and lubricants Food flavors Crude oils and petroleum products Natural products

  21. ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS Chemical substances that mimic female sexual hormones * Alter sex ratios of wild populations * Impair reproductive performance Normal testis Intersex testis

  22. VITELLOGENIN IN FISH a biomarker of endocrine disruption Female gonad E2 1 Liver Vtg 2 Male fish exposed to environmental estrogens express Vtg

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