What is journalism?

1. What is journalism?

2. Luigi Albertini, Editor in chief of “Corriere della Sera “It is better than working”

3. What do Journalists do? • To inform and • to comment

4. Search and investigation • Willi Kinnigheit: “Searching is more important than writing” and “is a journalistic activity belonging to the most interesting tasks”.

5. Information on facts first • Public wants information first • Your opinion in second level • Or straight to an editorial

6. Archives and record • Folders with printed material • Digital in your PC of central Database

7. Search and/or investigate before events • Press conference, interviews and other journalistic meetings. • In making report on politics/politicians archives and records are a powerful tools you gat ready to “fight” against contradiction, discrepancy and lies. • Take time for keeping archives updated and to search/investigate.

8. Formulating, Drawing up and Editing Forms of expression: • News • Report –Article • Reportage • Interview • Survey - [opinion] poll • Commentary, Opinion, Statement • Ironic comment [ary] (Glosse in de) • Editorial –Leading article

9. Selecting in Editing • Chousing - Select • Working on the text • Presenting (the material)

10. Presentation • Newspaper • Radio • TV • Internet

11. Organizing and Planning • Team work and management: a Must today. • Growing need of contact with public – audience. • Readers’ letters > “Ombuds-Editor” • www. • Editorial departments’ Conference • Contacts with freelances

12. New editorial departments models • Newsroom: centralized system where all the heads of departments meet to coordinate journalistic activity • News desk: cross-medial work

13. Fields of work of journalist • Press • Wireless BRIT (Rundfunk de) * Radio * Television • Online Media • Cross-media work • New-agency • Communication office • Communication & PR

14. Press • Press • Daily papers (published at least tow times a week) • Weekly papers – Magazines • Sunday papers • Boulevard papers • Specialized papers • Advertisement papers About 2/3 of the journalist work in in local papers, mainly in countries with regional and federal structure.

15. Radio • Radio is the fastest media • It stirs fantasy in the mind of listeners who generate in him/her images with an identity stringer that in TV • Radio journalist needs to “chat” both in studio and on the phone • “Radiophone” thinking

16. Television • Towards a one-man team based on digital systems

17. Online media • A vertical trend • Weblog • Foto or Videocommunities • YouTube • In Germany about 3.000 online journalists plus about the same number of online-PR. Thousands of crossmedial journalists

18. Crossmadial work • Newsroom • Newsdesk • Half of the editorial departments in Germany work weith Newsroom or Newsdesk model

19. News agency • Important source, providing more and more services in addition to news.

20. Communication office • Public institutions • Private large companies • Associations • Limited in objectivity?

21. Communication & PR • Networking • Style • Organization

22. Departments (Ressorts de) • Politic • foreign news ( • Culture • Regional • Local • Economy • Sport • Special area: fashion, children,…. ……………… Europe?

23. Crossmadial teams • From “Ghetto principle to team work • High politic <> low local ? 85 % of the readers read local part and regional papers

24. Journalist and his/her story. How? • Three stages. • Idea • Deepening the topic • Writing the text

25. Search, investigation… • A journalist is no Deputy Public Prosecutor • In investigating, ask, ask, and ask! • Crate an atmosphere to facilitate answers to your questions. • Note down important questions before the meeting. • Read carefully and study original documents of available. • Journalists might have special right for access to information sources. • Information overflow, select.

26. Useful instruments • Phonebook with many numbers amd emails • PC archives Exs.: www.news.google.com and … Lexicon on the desk

27. Journalistic presentations • “Comment is free, but facts are sacred” (C.P. Scott, Editor in chief, Manchester Guardian) Clear separation between information and personal opinion

28. News • What is a news? • John B. Bogart, local editor of US “Sun”, in 1880s: £When a dog bits a man, that’s not news, but when a man bites a dog, that’s news” • In US Journalism: “Man-bites –dog Formula”. • US: “New is what’s different” • US: “If you seat on a news you burn your backside”

29. News’ elements • Topicality • General interests • Construction (assembling) The “Ws” • Comprehensibility • Objectivity 15-20 lines – 1 minute

30. A News’s Definition • A news is a communication “endeavored” to provide an information of general interest with objectivity on a fact in a clear (certain) construction.

31. Topicality • What’s new today? • Difference between yesterday and today • Recently discovered • The EU Court of Auditors has just discovered that two years ago there was abuse in managing financial means of the structural funds.

32. General interests • The general interest is not universal only; it can be related to Europe, a country, a region, a community… • A catalog of interests: • Prominence( EP member in Timisoara) • Vicinity (our city) • Feeling , (emotion, something touching) • Progress, improvement (New incubatory in Timi) • An impacting decision (EU grant for a important project) • Conflict (A case at the EU CJ) • Drama • Curiosity ( EC Eurobarometer: data 27 EU MS)

33. Construction • Essential, basic comes first • The “LEAD” must answer to questions that public is likely to put. • The following is replenishment, completion.

34. The six Ws + H • Who? • What? • Where? • When? • Why • Which source • How -- Which quotation? What and Who are usually the most important We can have many more “small” ws Which age; what for a profession… • Hard news (censorship for EC) • Soft news (an EU civil servant who was fired requires special social services)

35. Comprehensibility • Write: - what you understand • clearly, vividly • With precision and accuracy • Give names: they give color and identity • Past history, background • Do not worry to repeat if you have doubts about clarity • Be attentive with metaphors • Find the fitting word (keep a good vocabulary on you desk (Deutsch für Profis; DOP,Rai) • Banish the “Blähstil” ( He will come in his capacity as Commissioner – He will come as commissioner. • Short sentences • Prefer active

36. Objectivity • From a journalist people expect truthful reporting! • Facts, Facts and Facts, which are real and • complete, entire, thoroughly presented. • Comments, opinion are welcome, but separation is a MUST:

37. Objectivity… • Do not gat involve emotionally and mix narration with opinion. • “Der Geist is willing, aber das Fleisch ist schwach”. • Clear separation doesn’t mean. • Do not “sell” a personal opinion or statement like a generalized fact.

38. Objectivity… • If you are impressed by a speech given by EP’s member in a public arena of Timisoara thinking that young people will follow his/her suggestions, don’t report it as granted but ask young people present what they think and repot is as their opinion (as quotations between “inverted commas” in case of written press.

39. Report (Bericht, de) • R A Report is a brother of a news, but bigger and also more mature. The first sentence mast be the “Lead” and present the more important fact. Quotations are good

40. A further W • For whom do I make the repot? • General or well-directed (gezielt) • In a general regulation or directive find what is interesting for Timi but don’t disregard the need to “educate” people about EU. • ……the European directive, that contains goals to be reached and the member states must implement it accordingly, will provide for Romania substantial security for its citizens…

41. Reportage • The Reportage is no substitute for news or report, but a completion, a supplementing. • The reporter portrays, to gives an exhaustive account of what he/she has seen and realized, take accurate notes of all details. • As concrete and illustrative as possible.

42. Reportage… • A reportage begins with a general aspect and goes down in details. • The reportage is not hierarchical. • Highlight can be in the middle and at the end too.

43. Reportage …. • A school composition begins with “general” and goes down with details. • A Reportage begins with something special and details come after. • John Taylor is working in the energy unity of the European Commission in Brussels, at the fourth floor of the Berlaymont, heart of the European quarter. • He is one of the twenty thousand civil servants which the taxpayers of the 27 EU member states pay for.

44. Feature • Reportage or Feature? • Between real and abstract. • Alarm in EP building in Strasburg. • Policy comes. It’s a mouse.

45. Interview • Substance: (information about FSCTS) • To what extend will the directive X reduce the cost of roaming 2. Opinion: • What do you think about the Environment directive? 3. Person: • Presentation of a person (EC Commissioner); to outline her/him through his/her answers outline.

46. For an interview: • Prepare yourself as good as you can, and create an atmosphere so that she/he is more motivated to answer and considers the “conversation” serious. • Conduct a “conversation”: no interrogation and no chat. • Be prepared with questions and do not be “slave” of her/his preparation; free to react. • Put precise questions

47. For an interview… 5. Put questions you think they belong to the field of competence of your interview-part ner. 6. Do not put many questions all together (The interview-partner will try to pretend to forget what he/she would like to avoid. 7. Interviews among four eyes are usually more productive that in public.

48. A tug-of-war interview? • Sometimes an interview can become a tug-of-war (Tauziehn), having “entertainment value”. • ?Mr. Barroso, will you accept the compromise about the Irish referenda? • Barroso: I can’t answer. • ?How can it be, you are the EC President?

49. Correspondent report and analyze contribution • The correspondent gives additional information that he/she can get from the “ambient” where She/he is (Barroso and Merkel has a short bilateral conversation before lunch) • The correspondent interprets (the position of Sarkozy was much stronger in comparison with that of Berlusconi)

50. Correspondent report… • The correspondent analyzes what was tolled in and interview. EC President Prodi and Prime minister Berlusconi. • “He must know by himself his limits” – this Prodi-words let suppose that the handshake between the them will be quite cool”.