Chapter 19.1

1. Chapter 19.1 Jacob Breaux Khalid Yusuf Tannon Yu

2. Once Upon a Time, there was a 3rd period PRE-AP class frequently accused to be LOSERS…(of the game of course), and on January 26, 2011, they experienced an absolutely overwhelming teaching experience of Chapter 19.1 by the three kids at the front of the class…it starts now

3. Prokaryotes Can be classified by: • Shape • Cell walls • Movement • Way they obtain energy • and awesomeness level (not really)

4. Shape • Rod-like structures are called bacilli. • Sphere shaped prokaryotes are called cocci. • Spiraled prokaryotes are known as spirilla.

5. Cell Walls • Gram-positive bacteria have thickpeptidoglycan walls. • Gram-negative bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan walls inside a lipid layer. • “Gram” refers to the staining method used to determine the thickness of the cell walls.

6. Movement • Some prokaryotes don’t move. • Some prokaryotes move by flagella (thin structures) • Other prokaryotes move like a snake or glide like a slug on magical goo they leave in their path for incautious people to step on and ruin their new shoes.

7. Metabolic Diversity This is the way in which prokaryotes uniquely obtain their energy in a variety of cool ways, which they do so very strategically. Types of Prokaryotes: • Chemoheterotrouphs • Photoheterotrouphs • Chemoautotrouphs • Photoautotrouphs

8. Heterotrouphs • Chemoheterotrouph- these prokaryotes take in organic molecules for BOTH energy and a supply of carbon. (just so you know, humans are chemoheterotrouphs too…) • Photoheterotrouphs- these prokaryotes use sunlight for energy (via photosynthesis), but consume organic compounds as their supply of carbon

9. Autotrouphs • Chemoautotrouphs- obtain energy from chemical reactants like iron, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, or nitrates; these prokaryotes supply carbon through carbon dioxide (via chemosynthesis) • Photoautotrouphs- use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into their carbon source, and their energy comes from photosynthesis

10. Releasing energy • Bacteria can release energy through cellular respiration, fermentation, or both. • Obligate aerobes- organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen to survive (platypuses) • Obligate anaerobes- organisms that require no oxygen to survive and can’t live with it (clostridium botulinum) • Facultative anaerobes- organisms that can live in oxygen but don’t require it (Chuck Norris)

11. Binary Fission • Form of bacteria reproduction where the bacteria doubles its DNA and divides in half and forms two identical cells. • This is a form of asexual reproduction. A very very pretty baseball Overweight baseball bat

12. Conjugation • Conjugation is a method of “growth or reproduction” during which a bridge like thingy is made from one bacteria cell to the other and genetic material is transferred. It kinda looks like one of them is shooting a laser at the other one…just sayin

13. Spore Formation • When bacteria peoples start to encounter harsh and unfavorable conditions, they go into “survival mode” by creating little red survival backpacks called “spores”. The spores store DNA and other vitals for the bacteria that it later refers to after conditions are more favorable for survival. Glowing loaves of bread with green mold?

14. Decomposition • Bacteria can be decomposers, and help the environment by breaking down dead organisms and releasing nutrients into the soil which can be used by plants. The nutrients travel through the food web (on a unicycle) and continues to benefit all organisms . • Bacteria also break down sewage into more purified water and the “leftovers” can be used to fertilize crops or soil.

15. Nitrogen Fixers • Some bacteria aid in a plant’s supply of nitrogen by creating ammonia. • Nitrogen Fixation- process of converting gas into a usable form for plants • Plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria can have a symbiotic relationship. • Soy beans have fertilizer factories in their roots because they have their own nitrogen-fixing bacteria minions.

16. The End