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Breeding Oat for Human Health

Breeding Oat for Human Health. B.G. Rossnagel Crop Development Centre University of Saskatchewan 8 th IOC Minneapolis, June 2008. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. www.usask.ca. Not just about Nutrition. Question of practicality and delivery to the consumer

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Breeding Oat for Human Health

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  1. Breeding Oat for Human Health B.G. Rossnagel Crop Development Centre University of Saskatchewan 8th IOC Minneapolis, June 2008 UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWANSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. www.usask.ca

  2. Not just about Nutrition • Question of practicality and delivery to the consumer • Who is the breeder’s customer? • who pays the bills????? Crop Development Centre

  3. Who is the breeder’s customer? • Producers • must be profitable • Processors • must be profitable • Regulators • public good • producer/processor – consumer balance • Consumers • public good • won’t really pay for nutrition • Hungry vs overfed???? Crop Development Centre

  4. Human Health = Nutritional Quality??? • Oat nutritional quality • Physical • Chemical / Intrinsic / Nutritional Crop Development Centre

  5. Nutritional Quality??? • Physical • grain size/shape • bulk density/test weight • plumpness • % groat or %hull • UNIFORMITY • Important for producers & processors thus important for human health Crop Development Centre

  6. Physical Quality • Significant breeding success over past 30 years • Real genetic change to % groat & uniformity • Real practical change re milling yield • Not exclusively genetic • manipulation of environment via agronomy • physical engineering re process • Compromises???? • e.g. have we gone too far with seed size?? Crop Development Centre

  7. Nutritional Quality??? • Chemical / Intrinsic - Nutritional • starch • protein • fat (unique among cereals) • non-starch polysaccharides • fibre/ash • minor compounds • antioxidants, minerals • Just begun breeding in 1980s Crop Development Centre

  8. Nutritional Quality Components • Starch • amylose/amylopectin ratio • Protein • amino acid composition • biological value • Fat (unique among cereals) • fatty acid composition • Non-starch polysaccharides • beta glucan (unique to oat & barley) • Fibre • Soluble vs insoluble • Minor compounds • antioxidants, minerals Crop Development Centre

  9. Chemical/intrinsic - Nutritional • Manipulate via genetics? • Definitely • Manipulate via agronomy • To a limited degree • Manipulate via physical engineering • Beyond concentration of specific components - Not likely Crop Development Centre

  10. Breeding per se • 7 – 10 years + seed ramp up to commercial • Make cross • Early generations • Agronomic, quality and disease evaluation – all about discarding • Begin with simply inherited traits • Prioritize – traits & methods • Reduce numbers and increase selection intensity • Multi-site trials • Pilot scale quality evaluation Crop Development Centre

  11. Breeding per se • All about phenotyping and cutting corners • Most critical need • Need rapid inexpensive evaluation of large numbers of small samples • Examples – NIR, Megazyme kits etc. • New tools (Biotech) • may allow/assist us to cheat • Remember computers & small plot equipment Crop Development Centre

  12. Challenges • Moving targets • Difficult when breeding has a 10+ year time frame • Food vs feed vs fuel • Generally good food oat = good feed oat • Good feed oat likely = good fuel oat • Ethanol just a feedlot for yeast • Label requirements vs nutrition • Business vs public good • Limits potential improvement • Good news = positive correlation • Reason for regulations - provide minimum standards • If consumers would really pay that would drive the innovation Crop Development Centre

  13. Challenges • Phenotyping difficulties • e.g. TDF measurement - $140 per sample!!!! • Not sexy to develop • Conflict between quality control and relative difference measures • Genetic variability • Is it there? Create it? Searching……… • Can we measure it? • Don’t try to turn oat into wheat • Regulatory issues • Canadian PNT definition and regulations Crop Development Centre

  14. Challenges • Critical mass in oat R&D • Who cares? • Scandinavia, Canada • USA?? UK?? Australia?? • G x E • change G or change E? • or deal with it via physical engineering • VARIABILITY • this is BIOLOGY not ENGINEERING • Can’t control growing environment • Quality control vs relative genetic differences • Development of measurement capability • Breeding efficiency Crop Development Centre

  15. Challenges • Difficult complicated traits • e.g taste??? • Interactions between traits • Application of new technologies/tools • Just new tools – still have to do the breeding!! • Often very expensive - justify • Australian low phytate barley screening example Crop Development Centre

  16. Challenges • Compromises • No free lunch • All about carbon chains • Only so many carbon atoms to go around!! • Can’t have > 100% • Confidentiality vs Public Good • Pre-competitive aspects of R&D • Confidentiality drives investment • Investment drives innovation Crop Development Centre

  17. Challenges • Genetic engineering/genomics saviour concept • Deliberate or inadvertent snow job • Industry and government leaders being misled • Public & Private management -unrealistic time frames • popular press misleading • biotech misleading • Important tool, but JUST another tool!!! • Still plant breeding • Australian drought tolerant wheat BIOBULLSHIT example!! • Can’t grow wheat without water!! • Biology and time!! Crop Development Centre

  18. Opportunities • Molecular mapping • DArT, QTL, Association • TILLING • Mutagenesis • Germplasm collections • Improved phenotyping • Join phenotyping with DArT and QTL mapping • Different for publication vs practical application • Can’t do TDF on breeding program - MMAS may be of great help for initial screening • Lots of “Ifs” but definitely worth effort & cost Crop Development Centre

  19. Opportunities • Financial return to breeding effort • Harrington barley example • Huge financial gain to industry • Not a dime shared with R&D community • Consumer interest • Apparently there, but??????? • Engineering vs genetic solutions • Do most efficient • Combine & coordinate efforts • Agronomic vs genetic solutions • At what cost to producer? • Combine and coordinate efforts Crop Development Centre

  20. Opportunities • Genomics • steal from other crops • polysaccharide manipulation • Pre-competitive collaboration • Pilot scale testing capability • Canadian Malting Barley Technical Centre • Whole grain concept • Low phytate Crop Development Centre

  21. Unique Oat Opportunities • Antioxidants • e.g avenanthramides • Non-starch polysaccharides • Increase content & increase best type • Fat • Take advantage • Alter FA profile • Low phytate • Fat stability • Other……………………………. Crop Development Centre

  22. Acknowledgements • Core support: • University of Saskatchewan • Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture • Pedigreed Seed Royalties • Other financial support • Quaker Oats Co. and Quaker Tropicana Gatorade Canada (QTG) • Saskatchewan Oat Development Commission (SODC) • SDAF&RR & Ag Dev Fund • Cargill Ltd. • SuperOats Canada Ltd.(Regina) • FarmPure Seeds(Regina) • CanOat Ltd. (Martensville) • Grain Millers(Yorkton) Crop Development Centre

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