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Understanding Ecosystems: Levels, Relationships, and Energy Flow

Explore the intricate levels of organization in ecosystems, from species and communities to food chains and energy pyramids. Learn about habitats, abiotic and biotic factors, and the flow of nutrients and energy within ecosystems.

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Understanding Ecosystems: Levels, Relationships, and Energy Flow

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  1. LS2.4– Species, Communities and ecosystems, Webs, Chains & Pyramids

  2. I. Levels of organization • Habitat - the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism. • Abiotic factors – NON-living components • Biotic factors - LIVING components

  3. Bell Work (for a grade) You will need your textbook today. What is biomass? Pg. 122 Draw a food chain?

  4. B) Species A Group of organisms which could potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/environment/animals/fauna-survey-program

  5. Definition of ‘species’ is ambiguous and problematic: Ex: The wolf (Canis lupus) & coyote (Canis latrans) are different species but can interbreed to produce fertile offspring…how does this fit with the definition??? Canislatrans Canis lupus Canis lupus x latrans http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/wolf http://kids.nationalgeographic.com http://kids.nationalgeographic.com

  6. C) Population • A group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.

  7. D) Community A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area.

  8. E) Ecosystem • A community and its abiotic environment. https://www.warc.com/Blogs/Ecosystem_Marketing_%E2%80%93_3_Ways_to_Thrive_in_your_Natural_Environment.blog?ID=1696

  9. F) Biosphere All abiotic and biotic components of the earth. (Includes its atmosphere, Ecosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere ) https://mrgeogwagg.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/lesson-3-products-of-the-biosphere/

  10. G) Ecology The study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment. https://www.google.com/search?q=ecologist+in+arctic&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr9srk3ePMAhXDNiYKHY5qDjkQ_AUIBygB&biw=1024&bih=667

  11. II. Obtaining Nutrition • Autotroph - Organism that synthesizes its organic molecules (“food”) from simple inorganic substances. (May also be referred to as ‘Producers’ or ‘Primary producers’) 1. Photoautotroph – Uses sun/light energy to synthesis Carbon compounds (Plants & Photosynthetic algae, phytoplankton)

  12. Phytoplankton (“Diatoms”) PHOTOAUTOTROPHS Photosynthetic Algae http://sailorsforthesea.org/programs/ocean-watch/searching-phytoplankton Plants Photosynthetic Bacteria

  13. 2. Chemoautotroph – Uses thermal or chemical energy to synthesize Carbon compounds

  14. CHEMOAUTOTROPHS http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Paleobiologysegues/chemotrophs/chemotrophs.htm

  15. B) Heterotroph • organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms. (‘Consumers’)

  16. C) Saprotroph An organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion (external digestion).

  17. D) Detritivores – ingest dead organic matter (internal digestion) (“Decomposers) Dung beetle “Rolypoly, Woodlice, Sowbug” Bacteria Earthworm

  18. III. Nutrients • Inorganic nutrients originate from abiotic environment (CO2, N2, P, O2, Ca, S, etc) • Some converted to organic compounds (Ex: CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2 INORGANIC ORGANIC

  19. C) Nutrients recycled D) Allows for ecosystem sustainability if 1. Balanced. Depends on: 2. Availability of nutrients, light 3. Wastes broken down

  20. Nutrients vs. Energy

  21. Energy Transfer:Chains, Webs and Pyramids

  22. IV. Energy Flow in an ecosystem A) Food chains – show 1 possible flow of energy

  23. B) Food webs-Show ALL possible feeding relatioships

  24. V. Energy is Transferred from 1 trophic level to another A) Autotrophs : light energy to chemical thru photosynthesis 1. Gross primary production (GPP) is TOTAL amt of Glucose / Photosynth 2. 90% of energy used as WORK and HEAT (released) 3. 10% remaining is Net primary production (NPP)

  25. B) Heterotrophs 1. Primary consumers – (Herbivores) Eat primary producers and convert glucose to: a) HEAT& work (~90%: released to environment) b) Only ~10% is stored & passed on 2. Secondary Consumers (carnivores &/or omnivores) a) 90%/10% rule applies 3. Same applies for Tertiary & Quaternary consumers

  26. C) As energy moves up trophic levels the amt available is reduced by ~90%!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Explains why few orgs at higher trophic levels 2. “ “ Food chains are limited D) What is left goes to detritivores then decomposers

  27. VI. Energy Pyramids – show transfer of Energy to higher trophic levels

  28. NATURE HIKE • List 5 Biotic factors seen • List 5 abiotic factors seen • List at least 5 species present in the community • Describe the ecosystem • Write 3 questions about things you observe during the hike • Model the flow of energy through the ecosystem (Create food web that describes many feeding relationship as possible)

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