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Synergy

Operational Art: Overview of Operational Art. Joint force commanders employ operational art, in concert with strategic guidance and direction received from superior leaders, in developing campaigns and operations. Simultaneity & Depth. Synergy. Anticipation. Balance. Leverage. Timing &

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Synergy

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  1. Operational Art:Overview of Operational Art Joint force commanders employ operational art, in concert with strategic guidance and direction received from superior leaders, in developing campaigns and operations Simultaneity & Depth Synergy Anticipation Balance Leverage Timing & Tempo Operational Reach & Approach Forces & Functions Arranging Operations Centers of Gravity Direct vs. Indirect Approach Decisive Points Culmination Termination

  2. Operational Art:Synergy Synergy involves integrating and synchronizing operations in a manner that applies force from different dimensions to shock, disrupt, and defeat opponents. JFCs SEA SPACE LAND Physical Capabilities SOF AIR Morale Will ENEMY ENEMY DEFENSES SOF=Special Operations Forces

  3. Operational Art:Simultaneity and Depth The intent of simultaneity and depth is to bring force to bear on the opponent’s entire structure in a near simultaneous manner that is within the decision making cycle of the opponent. The goal is to overwhelm and cripple enemy capabilities and will to resist. Strategic Level Combatant Commander Operational Level Subordinate Joint Force Commanders Tactical Level ENEMY DEFENSE STRUCTURE ENEMY DEFENSE STRUCTURE Will To Fight Capabilities Decision Cycle Resources

  4. Operational Art:Anticipation Anticipation is the key to effective planning. JFCs should remain alert for the unexpected and for opportunities to exploit the situation. JFCs Situational Awareness IPB Intelligence Intelligence Evaluation Response !? PRIMARY OFFENSIVE Unexpected Development

  5. Operational Art: Balance Balance is the maintenance of the force, its capabilities, and its operations in such a manner as to contribute to freedom of action and responsiveness. It refers to the appropriate mix of forces and capabilities within the joint force as well as the nature and timing of operations conducted to disrupt an enemy’s balance. JFCs ENEMY’S BALANCE Special Operations Manipulation of Electromagnetic Spectrum Confuse Demoralize Destroy Deception Interdiction Direct Attack of Strategic Centers of Gravity Maneuver

  6. Operational Art: Leverage Leverage is gaining, maintaining, and exploiting advantages in combat power across all dimensions. Leverage allows joint force commanders to impose their will on the enemy, increase the enemy’s dilemma, and maintain the initiative. Isolation of the Enemy Attack Strategic Centers of Gravity Dimensional Superiority ENEMY JFC’s Leverage

  7. Operational Art:Timing and Tempo The joint force should conduct operations at a tempo and time that best exploits friendly capabilities and inhibits the enemy. With proper timing JFCs can dominate the action, remain unpredictable, and operate beyond the enemy’s ability to react. AIR SEA LAND SOF 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 TIME TEMPO Primary Target Secondary Target

  8. Operational Art:Operational Reach and Approach Operational reach is the distance over which military power can be concentrated and employed decisively. Operational approach may be defined as the lines of operation. Improves transportation availability and effectiveness of lines of communications MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE REACH Increased range of weapons systems FORWARD BASE MAIN BASE FORWARD BASE TARGET OBJECTIVE FORWARD BASE

  9. Operational Art:Forces and Functions Commanders and planners can design campaigns and operations that focus on defeating either enemy forces or functions, or a combination of both. Typically, JFCs structure operations to attack both concurrently. JFCs AIR LAND SEA SPACE SOF Enemy Command & Control Enemy Air Defense Enemy Resupply Uncertainty Confusion Panic

  10. Operational Art:Arranging Operations JFCs must determine the best arrangement of major operations. This arrangement will often be a combination of simultaneous and sequential operations to achieve the desired end state and conditions quickly at the least cost in personnel and other resources. Simultaneous Operations Land Sea JFC’s Factors for Consideration Air SOF OBJECTIVE Geography Available Strategic Lift Changes in Command Structure Logistic Buildup & Consumption Rates Enemy Reinforcement Capabilities Public Opinion Forces Resources Time Sequential Operations CAMPAIGN PHASING CONSIDERATIONS Prehostilities Lodgment Combat & Stabilization Follow-through Posthostilities Phase Four Phase One TEMPO Phase Two Phase Three TIME

  11. Operational Art:Centers of Gravity Centers of gravity (COGs) are those characteristics, capabilities, or locations from which a military force derives its freedom of action, physical strength, or will to fight. JOINT FORCES CONUS LINES OF COMMUNICATIONS E N E M Y E N E M Y DEVELOPING COG? LOC SECONDARY COG PRIMARY COG SUPPLY MORALE COG PSYCHOLOGICAL COG FRIENDLY COG FRIENDLY COG

  12. Operational Art:Direct Vs. Indirect To the extent possible, JFCs attack enemy centers of gravity directly. Where direct attack means attacking into an opponent’s strength, JFCs should seek an indirect approach. DIRECT JOINT FORCES INDIRECT PRIMARY CENTER OF GRAVITY DEFENSIVE CAPABILITY COMMAND & CONTROL LINES OF COMMUNICATIONS

  13. Operational Art: Decisive Points Decisive points are usually geographic in nature. While they are not centers of gravity, they are keys to attacking protected centers of gravity. Decisive Point Decisive Point Protected COG Decisive Point

  14. Operational Art:Culmination Culmination in time and space has both an offensive and a defensive application. Offensively, it is the point at which the attacker’s combat power no longer exceeds that of the defender. Defensively, it is when the defending force can no longer go on the counteroffensive or defend successfully. OFFENSE OFFENSIVE Initial Offensive Force CULMINATION DEFENSE DEFENSIVE CULMINATION

  15. Operational Art:Termination Before forces are committed, the joint force commanders must know how the NCA intend to terminate the operation and ensure that its outcomes endure, and then determine how to implement that strategic design at the operational level. Control Over the Enemy Secure Terms Favorable to US Underlying Cause of War Attainment of Strategic Ends Termination of Hostilities Resolution of Conflict End of Combat Operations Achieve and Sustain Political Objectives Humanitarian Assistance Postconflict Activities Leverage to Prevent Renewed Activities Redeploy Forces

  16. Operational Art:Conclusion

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