Understanding the Endocrine System: Hormones, Reproduction, and Regulation

1. Endocrine System Hormones Reproduction

2. Hormones • Why are hormones needed? • chemical messages from one body part to cells in other parts of body • communication needed to coordinate whole body • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ • __________________________ growth hormones

3. Endocrine System • Endocrine system releases hormones • __________________________ __________________________ • chemicals cause changes in other parts of body • slow, long-lasting response • growth hormones • sex hormones • response hormones • metabolism hormones • and more….

4. Regulation by chemical messengers • ___________________ released by neurons • ______________ release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood ________________ ________________ target cell

5. Glands • __________________ • melatonin • __________________ • many hormones: master gland • __________________ • thyroxine • __________________ • adrenaline • __________________ • insulin, glucagon • __________________ • estrogen • __________________ • testosterone

6. hormones hormones Body Regulation • Nervous system & Endocrine system work together • _________________________ • “__________________________” • receives information from nerves around body about internal conditions • communicates with _________________________ • “________________________” • releases many hormones • sexual development, growth, milk production, pain-relief

7. high low Maintaining homeostasis hormone 1 lowersbody condition gland specific body condition raisesbody condition gland Negative FeedbackModel hormone 2

8. high Negative Feedback • Response to changed body condition • every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back to normal level • once body is back to normal level, signal is turned off hormone 1 lowersbody condition gland specific body condition

9. high low Nervous System Control Feedback Controlling Body Temperature nerve signals brain sweat dilates surfaceblood vessels body temperature brain constricts surfaceblood vessels shiver nerve signals

10. pancreas high liver low pancreas liver Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Sugar insulin body cells takeup sugar from blood liver storessugar reducesappetite blood sugar level liver releasessugar triggershunger

11. Sex & Growth Hormones • Large scale body changes • how do they work • _________________ • start new processes in the body by turning genes on that were lying “dormant”

12. Pituitary gland hormones • Sex & reproductive hormones • ________________ • _______________________________ • stimulates egg & sperm production • ________________ • _______________________________ • stimulates ovaries & testes • prepares uterus for fertilized egg • oxytocin • stimulates childbirth contractions • releases milk in nursing mothers • prolactin • milk production in nursing mothers hormones hormones

13. Reproductive hormones • _______________ • _______________ • sperm production & secondary sexual characteristics • _______________ • _______________ • egg production, preparing uterus for fertilized egg & secondary sexual characteristics

14. Male reproductive system • Sperm production • over 100 million produced per day! • ~2.5 million released per drop!

15. seminiferoustubule sperm spermatocytes

16. Male reproductive system • Testes & epididymis • sperm production & maturation • Glands • seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethal • produce seminal fluid • nutrient-rich

17. Male reproductive system • ______________________________ • produces sperm & hormones • ______________________________ • sac that holds testicles outside of body • ______________________________ • where sperm mature • ______________________________ • tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis • Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands • nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm

18. Female reproductive system

19. Female reproductive system • ______________________________ • produces eggs & hormones • ______________________________ • nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month • ______________________________ • tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus • ______________________________ • opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby • ______________________________ • birth canal for birthing baby

20. Female reproductive system

21. Egg maturation in ovary releasesprogesterone maintainsuteruslining produces estrogen

22. LH Menstrual cycle • Controlled by interaction of 4 hormones • FSH & LH • estrogen • progesterone FSH ovulation = egg release egg development corpus luteum estrogen progesterone lining of uterus days 0 7 14 21 28

23. corpusluteum ovary yes no Feedback Female reproductive cycle eggmatures & is released(ovulation) builds up uterus lining estrogen fertilized egg FSH & LH maintainsuterus lining HCG pregnancy progesterone GnRH corpus luteum breaks down progesterone drops menstruation maintainsuterus lining hypothalamus

24. Female hormones • FSH & LH • _______________________________________ • stimulates egg development & hormone release • peak release = release of egg (ovulation) • Estrogen • _______________________________________ • stimulates growth of lining of uterus • decreasing levels causes menstruation • Progesterone • _______________________________________ • cells that used to take care of developing egg • stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus • decreasing levels causes menstruation

25. Fertilization

26. Any Questions??

27. What do they do? Body Temperature • Maintain homeostasis • blood sugar level • temperature control • Start a new process • growth • fetal development • sexual development

28. Negative Feedback • Negative feedback • every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back • body temperature • control of blood sugar