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DAY 07 Research process

Explore the phenomena stage, conceptualization, problem clarification, and identification in hospital clinic management. Analyze stakeholder views, clarify core problems, and organize objectives. Develop specific research questions and framework for investigating overcrowding issues in a teaching hospital clinic.

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DAY 07 Research process

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  1. DAY 07Research process

  2. DAY 07 Building the Research Framework Organizing an argument Operationalization of variables Selecting the type of research

  3. Recap ….The Development process • Phenomena stage • Conceptualization of the study area • Problem clarification stage • Problem identification • Justification of the importance • Problem statement • Problem analysis • Organizing objectives for the research • Research questions • Building the Research Framework • Selecting the type of the research

  4. Analysis of the problem • Clarify the view points of the stakeholders • Specify the core problem • Analyze the problem – cause and effect diagram • Write down core problem • Brainstorm possible factors contributing to the problem • Identify further contributory factors • Organize the related factors into similar groups

  5. Phenomena on Hospital clinic Let s identify issues and move on to organizing the Research!

  6. Ask questions

  7. 1. What is the area of study ? • Health services • Hospital services • Frequent Complains regarding stagnation at the medical clinics • Patients come in early morning ( 3am) • New reports • complains & conflicts • Visit showed – “Looking very over crowded “?

  8. 2. What are contributors? What are the results of the problem? • Analyze the problem through Cause & effect analysis • Use a problem tree / fish bone diagram • Place the problem at the center • Find the following through proper literature review : • List causes List effects • List sub causes List sub effects • Use published data and discussions

  9. 2. What is happening ?? • Situational Analysis • list all issues what you see and hear • stagnation , inconvenience , disorganized process • poor seating facilities , unsatisfied patients , no proper treatment and high risk to patients • poor administration , poor number of staff

  10. 3. What is the actual problem? ? • Clear problem identification • Qualify and quantify • Problem - “Overcrowding of the Medical Clinics at Teaching hospital Ragama, 2011.”

  11. Problem statement • “GH Ragama is a second largest TH on Sri Lanka • It caters for 1000 clinic patients , 200 OPD patients and 1200 inward patients • The clinic services clinic service consits of …… • There is overcrowding of the Medical clinics of the teaching hospitals in Sri Lanka 2012, causing many difficulties to the patients , staff and the image of the hospitals , which needed immediate rectification.”

  12. 4. Our example – causes/ reasons

  13. 4. Our example

  14. 4. Our examples- results / effects

  15. 4. Organize and polish the objectives?? • Now Organize your Objectives • Check information collected will be: • useful, feasible and avoid duplication • What is the solution need • Is it to find the causes for the problem ? • Or to find the effects of the problem ? • Remember the sandwich vs. Hamburger • Objectives of the research • General Objectives • Specific Objectives Topic - organized by using the general objective

  16. 4. objectives • Check information collected will be: • useful, feasible and avoid duplication • What is the solution need • Is it to find the causes for the problem ? • Or to find the effects of the problem ? • Remember the sandwich vs. Hamburger • Objectives of the research • General Objectives • Specific Objectives Topic - organized by using the general objective

  17. 4. objectives • General objective : To asses the over crowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014

  18. 4. objectives • Specific Objectives 1. To asses the effect of man power causes to overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014 2. To asses the effect of Buiding causes to overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014 3. To asses the effect of equipment causes to overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014

  19. 4. objectives Specific Objectives 4. To asses the effect of supplies causes to overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014 5. To asses the effect of methods causes to overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014

  20. 5. Organize and polish the Research questions • In this study we are going to find the answers to following questions : • Is there overcrowding of the Medical clinics of TH Ragama , 2014 ? • What are the contributory causes for this problem ? The success of the research is on how far you have found answers to the research questions at the end of the research

  21. 5. Organize and polish the Research questions The success of the research is on how far you have found answers to the research questions at the end of the research • Output of the research - Research report / research publications - graduate level • Out come of the research – how accurate or how far you have found the answers – post graduate level • At any level if you did not find answers you need mentioned them as “ limitations of your study “

  22. 6. Now Lets Build the research frame work

  23. Recap ……! III. Methodology Building Research framework Developing an argument Operationalization of the concepts Selection of a Study design Data collection method Population and sampling Validity and reliability Ethical consideration

  24. 1. Buiding Research framework

  25. Research Framework • Organize a spectacle to do the research • Demarcate the area of research • Conceptual frame work • Scientific validation • Prelude to making the research operational

  26. STAGE 02 • Categorize causes and effects • Use acceptable method • Previous studies • Discussions • These groups become concepts of the research

  27. Stage 2 – categorization Problem Tree

  28. Making concepts for the research • Research framework is built from the problem analysis • Causes and effects become concepts for the research • Concepts are ideas for the research obtained from the

  29. Research Framework Research Frame work

  30. 7. Now lets Create an argument

  31. Developing an argument Hypothesis

  32. Argument • Majority of the research needs an argument • Purely most research are LOGICAL • Logical research are more valid and acceptable • We use the arguments in QUNTITATIVE research

  33. Developing an argument • Concepts are just ideas • The ideas to be accepted it should be logical • So we make all relations of the concepts as argument • The argument to be proved by the end of the research • If you are not successful you could say that your could not proved the argument • This is the basis for the argument or Hypothesis

  34. Developing an argument • Develop a logical argument for the research • Positive argument – Hypothesis • Negative argument - null hypothesis • In the research what you do is prove or disapprove the hypothesis

  35. Our example - Hypothesis • H01 – There is definitive overcrowding of CNTH • H 02 – Human resources have a Direct effect on overcrowding • H 03 – Infrastructure have a Direct effect on overcrowding • H 04 – Equipments have a Direct effect on overcrowding • H 05 – Supplies have a Direct effect on overcrowding

  36. 8. Now need to operationalize the research framework

  37. 3. Operationalization of the concepts Development of the variables Indicators

  38. Method • The concepts needed to be make it measured to validate the research • Organize the variation of the concept • Selectvariablesfrom the sub causes or the sub effects you identified • Selectvariablesfrom the sub effects or the sub effects you identified

  39. Indicate the concept • Find the variables related to each concept • These could be taken from your causes or effects identified in the problem analysis • Use the same main causes or main effects • Now use the Objective of what do you want to do • Only concentrate the areas demarcated by the objectives

  40. List the variable • Define the variable • Make it independent • Find the indicator • This could be dine by studying previous research or acceptable methodology • Then find each one an indicator • Find the method of measurement –later in the data collection • Next step is the identifying the best reaserch design

  41. What are variables? “Characteristic of a person, object or a phenomena that takes different forms or that varies.” A unit that could change and could be measured by mathematical means

  42. Types of Variables • Numerical variables – • Categorical variables • Demographic - • Epidemiological

  43. Types of Variables • Numerical variables • takes Number form • Weight , height ( 23 kg . and 100 cm 2. Categorical variables – • category form • Color , Race ( black • Demographic - • Epidemiological

  44. 3. Demographic variables • Demography - Study of population , its structure, distribution and description • Age , sex • Ethnicity , religion , • Marriage , Family • occupation

  45. Uses of Variables in research • Variable • To operationalize the research framework • To construct questions • To improve the validation of data and form tables • To indicate variables in statistical form & treatment

  46. 4. Epidemiological variables • Epidemiology - Study of disease in a population • Epidemiological variables • Dependent - Main variable -Describe the problem of the study • Independent – independently affects the dependant variable . Describe the direct causative factors • Confounding – These affects both dependent and independent variables • They either weaken or strengthen them • Background – only affects independent

  47. Problem – Dependent Independent variable Main factors – Independent Effect Lung Cancer Main Causative factor Smoking Dependent variable Other factors Alcohol , occupation Background factors Age, sex , race Confounding –effect both Confounding variable Background – no direct effect Background Variable

  48. How to make variables in a research ? • Rephrasing • Define • Scales of measurement • Operationalizing

  49. 1. Rephrasing variables • Making variable neutral • Example • Low number of staff - Number of available staff • Lack of space – size of available space • No methods – methods available in the clinic • No stationary - number of available stationary

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