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ARRIVE

The English. ARRIVE. THOUGHT of THE DAY. Thought of the DAY. The English Arrive. Sir Walter Raleigh Settled Roanoke Island (part of North Carolina) By 1590, it had disappeared Known as the “Lost Colony” Jamestown founded in 1607

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ARRIVE

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  1. The English ARRIVE

  2. THOUGHT of THE DAY Thought of the DAY

  3. The English Arrive • Sir Walter Raleigh • Settled Roanoke Island (part of North Carolina) • By 1590, it had disappeared • Known as the “Lost Colony” • Jamestown founded in 1607 • 1. Funded by a joint-stock company (by investors seeking a return on investment) • A. Establish plantations • B. Virginia Company • 2. Starving time – cannibalism • A. John Smith takes charge • B. Laws Devine – both moral and martial(strict rules followed by the colony…..if you did not work, you did not eat) • C. Saved by the POWHATAN Confederacy & Pocahontas • C. John Rolfe • 1. Married Pocahontas – daughter of the Chief of the Powhatan Tribe • 2. Introduced the CASH CROP of TOBACCO to the colony

  4. The English Arrive D. Overpopulation in England led to widespread FAMINE, DISEASE, & POVERTY 1. Opportunity in New World – INDENTURED SERVITUDE (SERVANT) 2. Free passage to the New World 3. Promised 7 years of labor – ½ died before the 7 years E. In 1618, the Virginia Company introduced the HEADRIGHT SYSTEM to attract new workers 1. Usually about 50 acres 2. Took the land from the Indians 3. Hindered DEMOCRACY – rich got richer, those coming over from Europe deeded the land over to the person paying the passage F. House of Burgesses, 1619, white males who owned property could vote G. Slavery – introduced to the colonies in 1619

  5. The PILGRIMS and the Massachusetts Bay Company • Puritanism movement of English Calvinists Protestants • 1. Purify the church of Roman Catholic practitioners • 2. a Puritan group called Separatists left Holland for America • A. Mayflower Ship/Mayflower Compact - • B. Called Pilgrims • C. Mayflower Compact “body politic” – basic legal system for the colony • B. Massachusetts Bay Congregationalists • 1. Great Puritan Migration – purify the Anglican church from within • 2. JOHN WINTHROP – Puritan ideals – urging the colonist to be a “city upon a hill” – a model for all others to look up to • 3. Strict “Calvinist” – “Protestant work ethic” • C. Roger Williams – minister in Salem • 1. Church and state should be SEPARATE • 2. Free exercise of Religion in Rhode Island - founded by Williams The source of government power is put in the hands of the people rather than in GOD...forshadows the future... US Constitution

  6. The PILGRIMS and the Massachusetts Bay Company D. Anne Hutchinson – advocated ANTINOMIANISM – Faith in God's Grace is enough to get to heaven no matter what ever else you do on earth E. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – The FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION in British North America F. Maryland – founded by LORD BALTIMORE as a haven (safe place) for Catholics who had faced religious persecution from Protestant England English PURITANISM 1500 & 1600s Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology Puritans were CALVINIST in their religious beliefs; they believed in predestination and in the authority of Scripture over papal authority Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate from papal authority in favor of his own Church of England, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers because of their Calvinist ideology’ they sought to make the English Church “pure” Puritanism would echo throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism

  7. The AGE of Salutary Neglect (1650 -1750) • The Years before the French & Indian War (Seven Years War) • Salutary or benign neglect • Because of the distance from England, colonies were self-governed • The beginning of American culture took root, as opposed to transplanted English culture • Came to a close at the end of French and Indian War • M A J O R E V E N T S OF THE P E R I O D • Bacon’s Rebellion • Nathaniel Bacon along with former INDENTURED SERVANTS & FREE BLACKS objected to the rights granted Virginia’s wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley’s inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans. Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Indian tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested with British military, Berkeley ended the rebellion. After Bacon’s rebellion,American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants & toward slave labor Definition: VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION - colonist were represented in Parliament by virture of their BRITISH Citizenship...even though they were thousands of miles away (This rebellion may also been seen as a precursor to the American Revoluton.)

  8. M A J O R E V E N T S OF THE P E R I O D • King Philip’s War - New England colonial expansion led to the bloodiest English- Native American conflict of the time. Led by Metacomet (also known in England as King Philip) he formed an alliance with other local tribes and attacked the colonist. When Metacomet died, it marked the end of a formidable Native American presence among the New England colonists. • Stono Uprising – 1739 was one of the first and most successful slave rebellions in the New World. About 20 slaves in South Carolina used stolen guns to kill plantation owners and liberate other slaves. Now numbering 100,the group fled toward Spanish Florida but was captured by the colonial militia. After the uprising, many colonies passed more restrictive laws governing the behavior of slaves. Sometimes called the CATA Rebellion. • Salem Witch Trials – Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors. About 20 people were executed. Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions. • Halfway Covenant – with so many, particularly men losing interest in the church, the Puritan clergy decided to baptize all children whose parents were baptized. However – here is the “halfway” part – those who had not experienced GOD’s grace were not allowed to vote

  9. M A J O R E V E N T S OF THE P E R I O D • G. Great Awakening – a wave of religious revivalism • 1, Jonathan Edwards – severe, predeterministics doctrines, graphic descriptions of hell • 2. George Whitefield – Christianity based on emotionalism & spirituality • H. Enlightenment – rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality • 1. Self-made, self educated Ben Franklin • 2. Poor Richard’s Almanac made him rich by age 42 • 3. negotiated the peace that ended the American Revolution • Colonists (over 90%) lived in “rural ” areas • 1. Charter Colony – colonists were members of a corporation and based on an agreed upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the government • 2. Royal Colony – had a governor selected by England’s king; he would serve in the leadership role and choose additional, lesser officers • 3. Proprietary Colonies – were owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; the proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property (colleges established in the Colonies..... to TRAIN ministers)

  10. M A J O R E V E N T S OF THE P E R I O D • J. New England Colonies – centered on trade….subsistence farming • K. Middle Colonies – more fertile land • 1. Farming “bread” colonies – grain • 2. Heterogeneous population • L. Southern Colonies – Cash crops • 1. tobacco • 2. rice • 3. slavery in the plantations • a. majority of South – subsistence farms with no slaves • b. blacks = ½ population of the South until the end of the French & Indian War • M. The British cared little how the colonies lived so long as the colonies remained a productive economic asset through…producing Raw materials for England • 1. Mercantilism – Navigation Acts – buy and sell goods only through England • 2. England Control of Hard money(currency) and gold coins • 3. Trade Balance to support England – Export more than you Import Mercantilist TWO Beliefs: 1. Favorable Balance of trade Export more than you Import 2. Control HARD currency like GOLD

  11. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) • Albany Plan of Union – Ben Franklin • 1. Collecting taxes for colonies defense • 2. Plan failed because the colonies did not want to lose control of their right to tax themselves, nor have to unite under a single national colonial government • 3. “Join or Die” • B. The Seven Years War – result of Colonial Expansion • 1. Lasted 9 years (1754-1763) • 2. French & Indians vs British and Colonist • 3. First World War • 4. England undisputed Colonial POWER in the NORTH AMERICAN continent • 5. 1st sentiments of anti-British sentiment arose

  12. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) C. Proclamation Act of 1763 – forbids settlement west of the Appalachian mountains. 1. 1763 marks the end of SALUTARY neglect by England, 1st of many restrictions imposed on the colonist by the British. 2. Because of the war, the British government had a huge debt. • Sugar Act 1774 – new regulation & taxes on the colonies aimed at deterring (stopping) molasses smugglers. • Currency Act – forbade the colonies to make and issue paper money • Stamp Act 1765 – covered all legal documents and licenses aimed at lawyers and a tax on goods produced within the colonies. Brought about, “No Taxation without Representation,” specifically aimedatraising revenue for England • STAMP ACT Congress – Delegates of 7 colonies met in New York to discuss plans for defense. Adopted the Declaration of Rights & Grievances (this marked the beginning of COLONIAL UNITY and RESISTANCE against the British) 1765

  13. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) • G. Virtual Representation – members of Parliament represented “ALL” British subjects whether in England or thousand miles away in America. • H. Sons of Liberty – protest group led by Samuel Adams • I. Declaratory Act – British governments right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies • Townshend Act – Antagonistic measures against the colonist • 1. Taxed goods imported from Britain • 2. Created vice-admiralty courts and new government officers • 3. Tax collected to pay tax collectors • 4. Writ of assistance – gave British the power to search any place they suspected Colonists of hiding smuggled goods • K. Quartering Act – made the colonists responsible for the cost of feeding and housing the British soldiers • L. Boston Massacre – a mob pelted a group of soldiers with rock-filled snowballs 1. Soldiers fired on the mob 2. Killed five 3. Propaganda campaign called it a massacre - British soldiers shooting innocent bystanders

  14. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) M. Committees of Correspondence – the colonist setup groups throughout the colonies to trade ideas and inform each other of the political “mood”, you call it tweeter! N. East India TEA Company – monopoly (though cheaper) on the TEA trade to the Colonies 1. Even though it was cheaper – Colonies did not like Parliament (from across the POND) to tell them who to buy tea from O. Boston TEA Party – Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped a ship load of tea into the Boston harbor in protest to the East India Tea monopoly P. Coercive Acts/ Intolerable Acts – English response to the Boston Tea Party 1. Closed the Boston harbor till the tea was paid for by the Colonist 2. Tighter control of the British controlled courts 3. Stricter Quartering Act – soldiers have the use of civilian homes Q. Quebec Act 1. greater liberties (freedom) to Catholics whom the Protestants distrusted & disliked 2. Extended the boundaries of the QUEBEC Territory – impeding westward expansion for the colonist

  15. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) R. First Continental Congress – 1774 formed to: 1. Address grievances against England 2. Formulate colonial position btwn the Royal (British) Government and the colonial governments 3. “Revolution was on the minds & heads of the people”…….John Adams S. “Minutemen” – farmers, businessmen, anybody – ready to fight in a minute notice T. Battle of Lexington & Concord – “the shot heard round the world ” The British “redcoats” had killed 18 minutemen U. Loyalist – Loyal to the CROWN (England) and King George III 1. Groups who traded with England & ethnic minorities who feared persecution from the colonists (usually older colonist with “something” to lose 2. Slave insurrections – many rebelled thinking “freedom” was strengthened with the British winning V. Second Continental Congress 1. Established the Continental Army 2. Chose George Washington as General and Commander-in-Chief

  16. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) W. Olive Branch Petition 7/5/1775 – last ditch attempt after the Battle of Bunker Hill (actually Breed’s Hill) to avoid war with GREAT BRITAIN (England) 1. Rejected by King George III 2. Proposed one year before the Declaration of Independence X. Common Sense – January 1776 by Thomas Paine 1. Advocated colonial independence 2. Benefits of republicanism (democracy) over a monarchy (king) Y. Declaration of Independence 7.4.76 1. Written by Thomas Jefferson 2. Listed the grievances against the British Crown 3. Pertained only to white people – men – not African American men or women or any other minority 4. Has never been the USA’s Government…..is just what it is….. a DECLARATIONto the the WORLD of the Colonist proclamation of independence from England 5. Articulates Individual will and liberty and not to submit to “GENERAL WILL” of the king and to protect your individual rights

  17. Road to Independence (1750 -1781) Z. Franco – American Alliance – negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778. Brought the French into the war after the Battle of Saratoga(considered the turning point of the American Revolution) AA. Yorktown – British (General Cornwallis) surrenders at Yorktown in 1781. BB. Treaty of Paris 1783 – USA independence and North American territorial rights Remember The Declaration of Independence was not and has not and never was our GOVERNMENT. Our first official government was the ARTICLES of CONFEDERATION and since 1787 our GOVERNMENT has been the US CONSTITUTION

  18. Creating an Functioning Government • Articles of Confederation – established in 1777 by the Continental Congress – OUR 1st national Constitution • 1. Little to no CENTRAL (FEDERAL) Government – only negotiate treaties • 2. No power to tax or regulate trade – under the King, excessive taxation often led to violence by the colonists • 3. More concerned with prohibiting the government from gaining too much power than empowering it to function effectively • B. Shay’s Rebellion – farmers protested a number of unfair economic and political polices • 1. Revealed lingering resentment on the part of the back-country farmers toward the coastal elite • 2. The wealthy elite felt uneasy….because they were almost powerless to stop such rebellions • C. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – the GREATEAST Achievement of the ArticlesConfederation • 1. Sale of government land to settlers – dirt cheap • 2. Forerunner to the Bill of Rights (protect us from our government) (made Americans realize the excessive taxation often leads to violence) of

  19. A NEW C O N S T I T U T I O N • New Jersey Plan - equal representation from each state • (small state plan) • Virginia Plan – representation based on population (large state plan) • Great Compromise – BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE • House of Representatives based on population • Senate – equal representation per state (2) • D. Anti Federalist – wanted a Bill of Rights • E. Federalist – in support of the Constitution • Federalist Papers – by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay, written in support of the US Constitution, established 1787 • Bill of Rights – added in 1791, The First Ten Amendments to the Constitution, protect us from our government, one of the few nations in the world that has that protection

  20. WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY • Unanimously chosen as President by the ELECTORAL COLLEGE • Established a “CABINET”; Heads of various Executive departments • 1. Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State • 2. Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury • C. Hamilton – supported a strong central government – weaker state governments • D. Jefferson – weaker federal (central) government • 1. All other powers “reserved” to the states • 2. Jefferson, “Republicanism” is the basis for the beliefs of the MODERN –DAY TEA party supporters • E. Hamilton – national bank to regulate & strengthen the USA economy • 1. Strict constructionists – only use those powers “necessary & proper” to the execution of its ENUMERATED POWERS, Jefferson indicated that establishing a bank is not among the enumerated powers of the Constitution • 2. Hamilton – Implied power broad (loose) constructionist position of interpreting the constitution. Creating a US Bank was an implied power Executive Privilege - sent John Jay to England as his representative to make a Treaty irregardless of Congress input... considered the Low Point of the Washington Presidency...Jay Treaty

  21. WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY E. Hamilton – national bank to regulate & strengthen the USA economy 1. Strict constructionists – only use those powers “necessary & proper” to the execution of its ENUMERATED POWERS, Jefferson indicated that establishing a bank is not among the enumerated powers of the Constitution 2. Hamilton – Implied power broad (loose) constructionist position of interpreting the constitution. Creating a US Bank was an implied power A. Federal Govt. assume the states debt & pay for the American Revolution B. In 1800, Capital moved to Washington, D.C. F. Neutrality Proclamation by Washington …..issued by Washington during the French Revolution, and battles btwn France & England G. Whiskey Rebellion – Western Pennsylvania farmers resisted an excise tax on whiskey to help pay for the Revolution…..Once again demonstrated the class tension btwn inland farmers and coastal elite. H. FAREWELL ADDRESS – steer clear of PERMANENT ALLIANCES with any portion of the FOREIGN WORLD…….NEUTRALITY/ISOLATIONISM policy of the USA till about 1890…..also do not form political parties…..USA did not pay attention to that bit of advice from Washington

  22. THE A D A M S PRESIDENCY • XYZ AFFAIR –President Adams sent diplomats to Paris to negotiate a settlement after France began seizing American ships on the Atlantic Ocean. French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiation with American negotiators. Adams ensured a written report of the incident was published in American newspapers and it turned American public opinion against the French. Eventually ADAMS kept America out of war with France through a negotiated settlement • Alien & Sedition Acts – expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors for scandalous and malicious writing against the government • Was a violation of the 1st Amendment • Aimed at new immigrants, especially French immigrants • . . . . . .. Was a political jab at the Democratic-Republicans The "REVOLUTION" of 1800 • 1st transfer of power from one political party to another • From Federalists to the Democratic – Republicans • Known as the “bloodless revolution” Jefferson assumes the Presidency • Louisiana Purchase – doubled the size of the USA, gave the USA complete control of the Mississippi River…. Important for future TRADE

  23. MADISON PRESIDENCY AND THE WAR OF 1812 • WAR HAWKS wanted war with England because of IMPRESSMENT (capturing American sailors and making them serve in their Navy) • War Hawks led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun • Led to War of 1812 • 1. Henry Clay – west • 2. John Calhoun – south • 3. East – New England states against the WAR – pro British because of TRADE • America was ill-prepared for the war • British captured WASHINGTON D. C. – burned the presidential mansion (re-built & renamed the White House) • Federalist who opposed the war met in Hartford Connecticut to overhaul the constitution…but war ended at about the same time – the federalist were considered traitors • American manufacturing – since trade was cut with England – American business thrived-----spurred American manufacturing • National Road – improvements to INTERSTATE roads….. Maryland to Ohio • Madison worked to promote USA growth, known as theAmerican System (click) (the Federalist party lost credibility and eventually died out)

  24. Which of the following religions had the most influence upon the daily life of the colonists of the 17th century (1600’s)? • The Catholics of Maryland B. The Baptists in the Carolinas • The Anglicans in Virginia D. The Puritans in Massachusetts E. The Baptists in Rhode Island The PURITANS influenced every aspect of the lives of the inhabitants of Massachusetts. John Winthrop, the governor of the colony also served as its religious leader. Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams were banished for challenging the church or interpreting the BIBLE on their own.

  25. The “WAR HAWKS” in the period leading up to the War of 1812 garnered most of their support from • The Middle Atlantic states B. New England • Urban areas D. the South and West E. the Northwest Territories Most came from the WEST (led by Henry Clay) and the South (led by John C. Calhoun). The pro-BRITISH maritime centers (fishing industry) of the EAST in New England were against the war with Englan

  26. Which of the following documents encouraged church membership in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? • The Mayflower Compact • The Fundamental Orders • The Fundamental Constitution • The Cambridge Agreement • The Halfway Covenant Agreement The Halfway Covenant extended the privledge of BAPTISM to all children of baptized people not just those who had the personal experience of conversion. The Convenant was an attempt to bring more people into the church and do away with some of the distinctions between the "elect" and others.

  27. In his Farewell Address, George Washington warned against • foreign entanglements and the formation of political parties • government reliance on excise taxes • deficit spending by the government • excessive use of Executive power • protests by western farmers over excise taxes In his farewell address, Washington warned against "permanent alliance" with foreign nations and the dangers of a PARTY SYSTEM.

  28. Which of the following was a result of the Albany Congress? • The colonies began to unite and take actions against the British. • The Iroquois Nation signed a peace agreement with the Colonies. • The Iroquois remained neutral and the colonists rejected Franklin’s plan of unity. • Franklin was able to convince the colonists and the British of his plan for a united defense against France. • Franklin convinced the Huron and Iroquois tribes to settle their differences. Franklin was unable to enlist the allegiance of the Iroquois or to convince the colonists to unite during the French and Indian War.

  29. All of the following are associated with “loose constructionism” during the early years of the United States of America EXCEPT • restrictions of federal legislative powers • federal government assumption of state debts • the Federalists • Hamilton’s Bank • the “Elastic Clause” "LOOSE CONSTRUCTIONISM" extends, rather than restricts, the powers of the federal government and was supported by Hamilton and the Federalists.

  30. The carton to the right served as • Thomas Paine’s warning against political repression • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against the French • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against British authority • the Committee of Correspondence’s warning of impending attack against the colonies. • the slogan of the Sons of Liberty after the Boston Tea Party Franklin drew the cartoon in 1754, to try and convince the colonies to unite against the French during the French and Indian War.

  31. During the Revolutionary War, the revolutionary cause was bolstered by all of the following EXCEPT • the strength of colonial currency • French assistance • the use of foreign military recruits • the rebels’ commitment to their cause • solid military leadership One of the weaknesses of the rebel (Patriot) effort was the lack of a stable currency;(money) all of the other choices lent support to the revolutionary cause.

  32. The most notable achievement of the United States under the ARTICLES of CONFEDERATION was • the establishment of simple majority rule in the legislature to establish national policy • the creation of a strong executive office to lead the national government • the empowerment of Congress to collect taxes • the empowerment of Congress to regulate commerce (trade) • the provision for land sales in the Northwest that would benefit the entire nation The land sales in the Northwest were structured so that they would benefit the entire nation and gave newly crates states EQUAL STATUS with the older states. None of the other choices were actually accomplished under the Articles of Confederation, which DID NOT PROVIDE for a strong central government.

  33. To which event do the following words of Ralph Waldo Emerson refer? By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard 'round the world' • The Boston Tea Party • The Boston Massacre • The firing on Ft. Sumter D. The Whiskey rebellion E. The battle of Lexington and Concord This is the famous poem by Emerson that refers to the first battle of the Revolutionary WAR, when local militia men, known as MINUTEMEN, fought to prevent the British from seizing a store of arms

  34. Which best describes the role of LOYALISTS during the American Revolution? • They made up approximately 20-30 percent of the population. • They had their largest following in New England, where the benefits of the mercantilists system were most visible. • They were few in number and had little, if any impact or significance. • Many of them were formerly indentured servants who felt obliged/obligated to the Crown. • Most of them came from the royal colony of Virginia and felt loyal to the CROWN of England – King George III. The LOYALISTS made up a significant part of the colonial population. They were spread throughout the colonies, but were least numerous in New England. In New England, the mercantilism was the WEAKEST and the INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT had its strongest support.

  35. The success of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 hinged on compromise over which of the following issues? • Universal manhood suffrage • Slavery and representation in Congress • Taxation and term limits • The number of branches of government to be formed • Voting rights for women The two most important agreements made at the convention were the "Great Compromise," which dealt with the issure of proportionate vs equal representation for the states in the legislative branch. The 3/5ths Compromise defined the issue of how slaves would be counted for the purposes of congressional representation and taxation.

  36. Which of the following acts of British government in the period preceding (before) the Revolutionary War provoked the most outrage (anger) among the colonists? • The passage of the Boston Port Act • The passage of the Quebec Act • Parliament’s defense of “virtual representation” • The monopoly given to the British east India Company on Tea • The passage of the Molasses Act The Boston Port Act was one of the so-called "Intolerable" or "Coercive" acts passed in 1774 as punishment for the BOSTON TEA PARTY. The act allowed the British Navy to take control of the port of Boston--- the BOSTON Harbor-- thus controlling TRADE in and out of BOSTON.

  37. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress • decided to cut all ties with Britain • revised the colonial plan for military preparedness • voted to work out a plan for self-rule • adopted the “Olive Branch Petition,” declaring Colonial loyalty to the Crown • began to draft the Articles of Confederation At that time the Continental Congress, which was still relativeley conservative, offered King George III the "Olive Branch Petition." It professed to the Crown of England LOYALTY and asked the KING to stop the HOSTILITIES.

  38. Which of the following events that took place in the years preceding the American Revolution represented the most significant action on the part of the colonists against British authority? • Bacon’s Rebellion • The Whiskey Rebellion • The Stamp Act Congress • The Albany Congress • Pontiac’s Rebellion The STAMP ACT was one of the first UNITED ACTIONS of the colonists against KING GEORGE III.

  39. Which of the following statements concerning the FEDERALISTS PAPERS is true? • They were written as propaganda to support the ratification of the Constitution. • They outlined the dangers of “Republicanism” in a new nation. • Jefferson, Hamilton and Madison drafted them. • They contained essays that both defended and criticized the Constitution. • They were banned in the New York Newspapers. They were written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison, in an effort to drum up support for the ratification (approval) of the Constitution and the cause of REPUBLICANISM.

  40. All of the following were manifestations of MERCANTILISTS Theory EXCEPT • the triangular trade B. the plantation Economy • Admiralty Courts D. the Navigation Acts E. virtual representation Virtual representation, which is unrelated to mercantilist theory, was the theory by which the British justified their practice of taxing the colonies and passing laws to govern them without giving them the benefit of representation in Parliament.

  41. All of the following characterized the Jefferson administration EXEPT which of the following statements? • It reduced the size of the USA navy in order to reduce taxes. • It repealed the Federalist-sponsored Judiciary Act of 1801. • It replaced most of the Federalist programs with programs of its own. • Except for the excise tax, it retained the Federalist programs for funding the national debt. • It enacted new naturalization laws, reducing the required length of residence to five years. Even though the nation was worried that, with the election of Jefferson (in the so-called "Revolution of 1800"), Federalist programs would be completely dismantled, Jefferson's administration actually kept most of the progams in place -- first transition of goverment in American history.

  42. In 1798, President John Adams delivered the following message to Congress: "I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent nation.' What event inspired this comment? • Jay’s Treaty • XYZ Affair • The Citizen Genet Affair • The Hartford Convention • The Pinckney (Transcontinental) Treaty XYZ Affair, in which a French official demanded a bribe from a U.S. envoy simply for the privilege of doing diplomatic business.

  43. 1stFreedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition 2nd Right to bear arms 4th no illegal search and seizure 5th Due Process, no self-incrimination, no Double Jeopardy, Grand Jury 7th Trial by Jury 13th Declared slavery illegal in the USA 14th Gave citizenship to slaves & “DUE PROCESS” 15th Slaves/citizens the right to vote – over 21 males only 16th Creates the Federal Income TAX 17th Direct election of Senators – by us the voters 18th Started PROHIBITION (illegal to drink) 19th Provides women the right to vote (suffrage) 20th Term of President & VP to end on Jan. 20th every 4 years 21st Ends PROHIBITION (Liquor is legal now) 24th Eliminated POLL TAX as requirement to vote 26th Extends the right to vote to 18 yr. olds Essay Answer Format 1st ParagraphIntroduction of TopicTHESIS STATEMENT(last sentence of the 1st paragraph) 2ND ParagraphSupport of 1st item in your Thesis Statement 3rd ParagraphSupport of 2nd item in your Thesis Statement 4th ParagraphSupport of 3rd item in your Thesis Statement 5th ParagraphConclusion Summarize your ideasLast paragraph – re-state your THESIS STATEMENTand how/ why you proved/supported it.

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