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Sensory conflict / mismatch

Motion sickness in rally co-drivers. C. Meistelman University Hospital Nancy Université de Lorraine Nancy, France. Sensory conflict / mismatch. Pallor Cold sweating Headache Epigastric awareness Sialorrhea Nausea, vomiting Bradycardia Hypotension Vertigo Dizziness Coordination troubles.

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Sensory conflict / mismatch

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  1. Motion sickness in rally co-drivers.C. MeistelmanUniversity Hospital NancyUniversité de LorraineNancy, France

  2. Sensory conflict / mismatch PallorCold sweating Headache Epigastric awarenessSialorrheaNausea,vomitingBradycardiaHypotensionVertigo DizzinessCoordination troubles Visual afference Motion sickness Central nervous system Mismatch Vestibular afference Somestheticafference

  3. Motion sickness has not been investigated in rallies • Driver – Co-driver • Recces – special stages • Surface asphalt - gravel and sand - ice and snow • Different cars engine - body - suspension - net door • reconnaissance: standard car, legal speed • special stages: racing car, closed roads

  4. Motion sickness and co-drivers • During the special stages, the co-driver reads his pace notes to alert the driver • The co-drivers, who are reading the pace notes are particularly subjected to a wide range of accelerations provoking Motion Sickness

  5. Subjects and methods • Participants 85 co-drivers, 21 female • Methods Questionnaire adapted from the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ) Reason - Brand, Golding Specific items relevant for rally were added

  6. Subjects et methods - Questionnaire (1) Sexe / Age / Nb years licence Have you ever been motion sick ? • never • as front-seat passenger • as rear-seat passenger • when reading in a car • as co-driver when reading pace notes (speciales) • as co-driver when reading the road (reconnaissance) • when driving a car • in a boat • roundabouts, entertainments • only during chilhood

  7. Subjects and methods - Questionnaire (2) MS favoring factors • on-board temperature • on-board smells • type of road surface • oversteer • understeer • type of meal • stress • trial duration • winding road • related to the acceleration plane anterior-posterior (acceleration / braking) right - left (turn) upright (bump, pothole…)

  8. Motion sickness in co-drivers Aviat Space Environ Med, 84: 473-477; 2013

  9. Results Motion sickness in female and male co-drivers Aviat Space Environ Med, 84: 473-477; 2013

  10. Co-drivers motion sickness favoring factors

  11. Discussion In special stage motor racing, low rate of motion sickness despite stress smells temperature higher accelerations MS

  12. 13 % – Anti-MS medications3.5 % – troubled by optokinetic stimulation induced by trees Results (4)

  13. How can we explain the lower prevalence of MS in co-drivers during the race itself?

  14. Vision and gaze stabilisation

  15. Gaze / head / trunckstabilization

  16. 50 mètres Droite à fond, gauche 80 pour Droite 60 et épingle gaucheDroite pour gauche 60 pour épingle droiteDroite 70. Gauche droite gauche 90borne kilométriqueGauche pour droite 80 pour gauche 70 largeDroite à fond pour Gauche 70 pour droite 60 longGauche 70 large se referme en 60Droite 80 et 90approximate speed, bend configuration Cognitive anticipation of upcoming movements

  17. Destra media plu Sinistra Media e destra meno et tornante sinistra Sinistra media e tornante destra Destra Media piu 60 sinistra media plu destra media piu sinistra media ... Italy Sweden

  18. Passenger discomfort • Air sickness incidence is usually well below 1% but rises to about 8% in severe turbulence • The impossibility to anticipate the accelerations caused by the turbulences are promoters of motion sickness

  19. Restriction of head and body movements by the safety devices • Crash helmet • Belts • Hans device, seat

  20. Co drivers • During SS: • Head motions and especially lateral head motions are limited • codrivers information is focused on central retina rather than peripheral • Pace notes are cognitively interpreted and allow anticpation of the forthcoming accelerations recorded by the inner ear. • Car movement frequencies are higher than 0.5 Hz and therefore out of range of MS

  21. Co drivers • During Recces: head motion +++, codrivers move all the time their head to look from the road to the road book and back to write notes • It induces modifications of vestibulo ocular reflex (VOR) and generates Coriolis accelerations (triaxial simulation and acceleration) • Use of peripheral retina • The writing of notes cannot ptovide on time cognitive information which can allow anticipation of the acceleration

  22. Discussion • Duringspecial stages • anticipatory cognitive processing • Co-drivers • anticipatory body strategy • Habituation, sports involving the use of prorioceptive inputs • Sports vision therapist and vision therapy?

  23. Motion sickness and CART:Texas Motor Speedway 2001 • Disorientation, dizziness and postural imbalance in race car drivers: a problem in G-tolerance, spatial orientation and both: • F Guedry, A Raj and TCowin The Institute for Human and Machine cognition University of West Florida, Pensacola

  24. Conclusion and highlights Motion sickness • MS is more reported in reconnaissance than in special stages • Pace notes may lead an anticipation of the vestibular accelerations • In reconnaissance, head movements may include Coriolis accelerations • The type of visual information influences MS susceptibility.

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