Monroe’s Elections: 1816, 1820

1. Monroe’s Elections: 1816, 1820 Monroe won by some of the biggest electoral college totals in U.S. political history; Federalist Party did not even exist by 1820 Note the addition of five new states between 1816 and 1820; reflects the growth of the U.S. Cultural Nationalism.

2. American Nationalism • Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways: • Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs • Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states • Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

3. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818) • Provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes & Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained • Laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US & British North America

4. Setting a Border with British Canada Treaty of 1818 • Negotiated by John Quincy Adams • Provisions: • Fixed the American-Canadian border at the 49th Parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains • Created a 10-year joint occupation of Oregon Territory • Allowed Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada

5. Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

6. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) • Background: -- Spain can not control colony in FL. Seminoles & white outlaws conduct raids on US territory then retreat back to safety. • Jackson swept through central & eastern Florida during the First Seminole War (1816-1818) • Captured Spanish cities and deposed the Spanish Governor (thus disobeying Monroe's orders) • Jackson executed 2 Indian chiefs & British supporters of Spain • John Quincy Adams convinced Monroe's cabinet to offer Spain an ultimatum • Control the outlaws of Florida (which Spain was not equipped to do) or cede Florida to the US • Spain realized it would lose Florida in any case; decided to negotiate • Results: Spain Gav up FL & claims in Oregon Territory, pay $5 million for claims & give up claims to province in TX.

7. The Missouri Compromise • Missouri asked Congress to enter the union in 1819 • Led to the debate over the Tallmadge Amendment calling for the end of slavery in Missouri in a generation • No more slaves could be brought into Missouri • Gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there.

8. The Missouri Compromise • Southerners viewed Tallmadge Amendment as huge threat to sectional balance. • Led to concern about the future of the slave system • Missouri was the first state entirely west of Mississippi made from Louisiana Territory • Tallmadge Amendment might set a precedent for rest of the region to be free. • If Congress could abolish slavery in Missouri, it might try in southern states. • Senate refused to pass the amendment; national crisis loomed

9. The Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Provisions: • Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state • Maine was admitted as a free state • Kept the sectional balance at 12 to 12 for the next 15 years • Future slavery was prohibited north of 36º 30' line, the southern border of Missouri • Ironically, Missouri was north of the 36-30 line

10. The Missouri Compromise

11. The Missouri Compromise • Compromise was largely accepted by both sides • South got Missouri • North won the concession that it could forbid slavery in the remaining territories above the 36º 30' line • North had an advantage as Spanish territory in southwest prevented significant southern expansion westward • Southerners were not too concerned about lands north of 36º 30‘ as climate not conducive to cash crop agriculture requiring slave labor

12. The Missouri Compromise Legacy of the Compromise • Lasted 34 years and preserved the union (until Kansas NebraskaAct in 1854) • Slavery became a dominant issue in American politics • Serious setback to national unity • Clay was later criticized by Northerners as an "appeaser"

13. Missouri Compromise Questions 1. How did the West create tension between North & South? • What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise? • What two states were admitted to the Union as part of the Missouri Compromise? 4. Where did the Missouri imagery line run? 5. Why did new problems about the spread of slavery come up after the Missouri Compromise?

14. True or False? • Pennsylvania was a free state in 1820 • Slavery would be permitted in Michigan Territory and permitted in Arkansas • In 1818, the slave states held most the seats in the Senate • The Missouri Compromise allowed slavery in the Michigan territory • Florida territory was slave territory because it was south of the latitude 36 30. • Most of the Louisiana Purchase was South of the Missouri Compromise Line.

15. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Background: • European monarchies were concerned about democratic revolutions at home & abroad • Saw democracy as a threat to absolute monarchy. • Sought to restore newly independent Latin American republics to Spanish rule • Russia claimed Alaska and announced its expanding its borders into Oregon Country. • Americans were alarmed at European hostility to democracy in the Western Hemisphere • Great Britain sought a joint alliance with the US.

16. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine (1823) • President Monroe’s annual message to Congress warned Europeans: • Colonial powers could keep existing colonies but gain no new ones • Leave America alone; let new republics govern themselves • Directed largely at Russia which had designs on the Pacific coast

17. Foreign Policy after the War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Impact: • Immediate impact of the Monroe Doctrine was small • US army & navy remained small & relatively weak • Became more important when President Polk revived it in 1845 • Long-term impact of the policy was significant • Served as the cornerstone of US foreign policy during last half of 19th century & throughout 20th century. • Continued American policy of Neutrality

18. AP #2: How was the Marshall Court influential in the development of the United States? In a jigsaw, read and discuss the John Marshall and his court cases. Then fill in your chart with your group.

19. Marbury vs. Madison Issue: Marbury sues Madison over commission Papers not being delivered. Marbury was Appointed as a federal judge in Adams last hour as president. Question: Can the Supreme court enforce a writ of mandamus? Can the Supreme Court determine the constitutionality of a federal law? Decision- Can not order a writ of mandamus; Judicial Review; Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. Importance- Judicial Review

20. Fletcher vs. Peck Issue: Georgia legislature was involved in a fraudulent land deal. A new legislature revoked the sale of the land. Mr. Peck bought land from original company and sold it to Mr. Fletcher. Mr. Fletcher wanted his contract with Mr. Peck to be declared null & void and his money returned because Mr. Peck did not have clear title to the land when it was sold. Question: Can a contract be invalidated by a new law passed by the legislature? Decision: Original land grant was valid even though the legislature was corrupt.  Cannot cancel the sale ex post facto Importance: Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional 

21. Gibbons vs. Ogden Issue: New York granted Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton the exclusive right of steam boat navigation on New York state waters. Livingston assigned to Ogden the right to navigate the waters between New York City and certain ports in New Jersey. Ogden brought this lawsuit seeking an injunction to restrain Gibbons from operating steam ships on New York waters in violation of his exclusive privilege. Ogden was granted the injunction and Gibbons appeals. Gibson sues Ogden claiming an injunction violates his license to trade Issue: Can federal government control Interstate Commerce? Decision- Federal government can regulate commerce- Commerce Clause Importance-regulate commerce & increased federal government power

22. The Legacy of John Marshall In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

23. Task-Sectionalism & Nationalism Chart Directions- For each event in the timeline, describe what land was added to the US and from whom the land was acquired. After completing the timeline, draw each region in the timeline. Color and label according to each event on the timeline.

24. Sect vs. Nat GO Check Treaty of Paris After the American Revolution with Great Britain, the new boundaries of the United States were established. The United States now controlled all land east of the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and from Canada to the Florida border. Louisiana Purchase When Thomas Jefferson bought this land from Napoleon of France, it doubled the size of the United States. This added all land westward from the Mississippi River all the way to the Rocky Mountains. It extended as far north as British Canada. Rush-Bagot Treaty While this agreement with Great Britain did not include anything about boundary lines, it did demilitarize the border between the US and Canada and set limits to the amount of military naval competition in the Great Lakes

25. Sect vs. Nat GO CHECK Convention of 1818 This agreement with Great Britain established the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory as far west as the crest of the Rocky Mountains. It also established for 10 years, a joint occupation for the US and Great Britain for the Oregon Territory. Adams-Onis Treaty In addition to giving up Florida to the US, Spain also ceded land on either side of the mouth of the Mississippi River. This treaty also better defined the western border of the Louisiana Territory with Spain in a “stair-step” pattern form the Sabine River, to the Red River, to the Arkansas River, and then west to the Pacific Ocean along the 42nd parallel. Monroe Doctrine While not actually changing any boundaries, this declaration by President Monroe gave warning to European powers to not meddle in the affairs of the Americas. Likewise, Monroe gave promises to not meddle in European affairs. This allowed the US to continue it’s westward progress with little interference from European powers.